• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1251-1251
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• 2001

The routine analysis of milk chemical components is of major importance both for the management of animals in dairy farms and for quality control in dairy industries. NIRS technology is an analytical technique which greatly simplifies this routine. One of the most critical aspects in NIRS analysis of milk is sample preparation and analysis modes which should be fast and straightforward. An important difficulty when obtaining NIR spectra of milk is the high water content (80 to 90%) of this product, since water absorbs most of the infrared radiation, and, therefore, limits the accuracy of calibrating for other constituents. To avoid this problem, the DESIR system was set up. Other ways of radiation-sample interaction adapted for liquids or semi-liquids exist, which are practically instantaneous and with limited or null necessity of sample preparation: Transmission and Folded Transmission or Transflectance. The objective of the present work is to compare the precision and accuracy of milk calibration equations in two analysis modes: Reflectance (dry milk) and Folded Transmission (liquid milk). A FOSS-NIR Systems 6500 I spectrophotometer (400-2500 nm) provided with a spinning module was used. Two NIR spectroscopic methods for milk analysis were compared: a) folded transmission: liquid milk samples in a 0.1 pathlength sample cell (ref. IH-0345) and b) reflectance: dried milk samples in glass fibre filters placed in a standard ring cell. A set of 101 milk samples was used to develop the calibration equations, for the two NIR analysis modes, to predict casein, protein, fat and dry matter contents, and 48 milk samples to predict Somatic Cell Count (SCC). The calibrations obtained for protein, fat and dry matter have an excellent quantitative prediction power, since they present $r^2$ values higher than 0.9. The $r^2$ values are slightly lower for casein and SCC (0.88 and 0.89 respectively), but they still are sufficiently high. The accuracy of casein, protein and SCC equations is not affected by the analysis modes, since their ETVC values are very similar in reflectance and folded transmission (0.19% vs 0.21%; 0.16% vs 0.19% and 55.57% vs 53.11% respectively), Lower SECV values were obtained for the prediction of fat and dry matter with the folded transmission equations (0.14% and 0.25% respectively) compared to the results with the reflectance ones (0.43% and 0.34% respectively). In terms of accuracy and speed of analytical response, NIRS analysis of liquid milk is recommended (folded transmission), since the drying procedure takes 24 hours. However, both analysis modes offer satisfactory results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.206-214
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• 2023

Fish school monitoring technology is utilized for various purposes, such as boat fishing and resource surveys. With advancements in information and communication technology, this technology has expanded its application to remote areas. Its significance has grown in fishing sites, particularly for improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of set-net fishing. Set-net fishing gears are not limited to coastal areas, but are also installed in inland and remote sea regions. Consequently, fishermen require technology that allows them to quickly transmit information about approaching fish schools and enables them to perform long-term monitoring. The development of remote monitoring technology for set-net fish schools must consider crucial design factors such as communication range, transmission speed, power consumption of information modules, and operational expenses. In this study, we developed a low-power remote monitoring module for set-net fish school based on WCDMA. The module was specifically designed to minimize power consumption, allowing for communication over long distances and extended operation times in set-net fishing applications. Furthermore, we developed a web server software application that enables remote access to fish schools and provides real-time weather information. The performance of the developed module was evaluated through set-net fishing site application and experiments with moving ships on the sea. The experimental results demonstrated that the remote monitoring system, consisting of the developed low-power remote monitoring module for set-net fish school based on WCDMA and a fish finder, had an average power consumption of 4.6 W, a maximum communication range of 22.84 km, and a data transmission and reception rate of 98.79%. The maximum fish school information transmission and reception rate was 97.26%

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.267-280
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• 2023

With development of computing and communications technologies, IoT environments based on high-speed networks have been extending rapidly. Especially, from home to an office or a factory, applications of IoT devices with sensing environment and performing computations are increasing. Unfortunately, IoT devices which have limited hardware resources can be vulnerable to cyber attacks. Hence, there is a concern that an IoT botnet can give rise to information leakage as a national cyber security crisis arising from abuse as a malicious waypoint or propagation through connected networks. In order to response in advance from unknown cyber threats in IoT networks, in this paper, We firstly define four types of We firstly define four types of characteristics by analyzing darknet traffic accessed from an IoT botnet. Using the characteristic, a suspicious IP address is filtered quickly. Secondly, the filtered address is identified by Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) or Open Source INTelligence (OSINT) in terms of an unknown suspicious host. The identified IP address is finally fingerprinted to determine whether the IP is a malicious host or not. To verify a validation of the proposed method, we apply to a Darknet on real-world SOC. As a result, about 1,000 hosts who are detected and blocked preemptively by the proposed method are confirmed as real IoT botnets.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.5B
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• pp.497-502
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• 2009

The wastewater treatment by photocatalyst decomposes pollutants directly in water, and it is easy to decompose indecomposable organics and inorganic. and Especially, it has an advantage that there is no secondary production of pollutants. However, there will be many problems which are generated depending on the type of photocatalyst. The type of rotating photocatalyst minimizes previous problems, and advanced oxidation processes is possible by the application of rotating disc method. The consideration of the characteristics about various designs and operation factors is needed for the application of rotating photocatalyst system. In this study, rotating photocatalyst was manufactured for rotating disc method by fixing of $TiO_2$. The operation factors were derived for the wastewater treatment by the reaction of rotating photocatalyst. The contained quantity of $TiO_2$ was limited about 70%. The more the contained quantity of $TiO_2$ was increased, the more the treatment rate was continually increased. The optimum rotating photocatalyst was R4, and the contained quantity of $TiO_2$ was 36.8%. The more the exposed amount of UV is increased, the more the decomposition effect of TCODcr was continually increased. However, the adequate strength of light source must be determined by the consideration of economical efficiency. The more the speed of rotating photocatalyst is increased, the more treatment efficiency was increased. When UV lamp was not submerged in reactor, the wastewater treatment was efficient in the order of the depth of water 50%, 30%, 10%, 70%, 100%. This study is a basic research for the development of a system which treats organics in solar light.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2022.11a
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• pp.158-159
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• 2022

Due to the climate crisis, various environmental regulations including greenhouse gas reduction are in effect. This is not limited to any specific industry sector, but is affecting the entire industry worldwide. For this reason, the IMO and governments of each country are announcing strategies and policies related to the shipbuilding and shipping industries. The current regulations can be partially resolved through additional facilities such as scrubbers while using existing fossil fuels, but ultimately, the emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2 from the exhaust gases generated by ships must be restricted through energy conversion. To this end, it is necessary to develop fuels that can replace traditional fuels such as oil and natural gas. Among them, hydrogen is attracting attention as a clean energy that does not emit pollutants when used as a fuel. However, hydrogen has a wide explosive range and a fast dispersion speed, so research on this is necessary. Therefore, in this paper, when hydrogen leakage occurs in the fuel preparation room of a hydrogen-powered ship, the trend was analyzed and the ventilation characteristics were investigated.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2024

An image-reconstruction technology, involving the deployment of an unmanned mobility equipped with high-speed LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) has been proposed to reconstruct the shape of abandoned mine. Unmanned mobility operation is remarkably useful in abandoned mines fraught with operational difficulties including, but not limited to, obstacles, sludge, underwater and narrow tunnel with the diameter of 1.5 m or more. For cases of real abandoned mines, quadruped robots, quadcopter drones and underwater drones are respectively deployed on land, air, and water-filled sites. In addition to the advantage of scanning the abandoned mines with 2D solid-state lidar sensors, rotation of radiation at an inclination angle offers an increased efficiency for simultaneous reconstruction of mineshaft shapes and detecting obstacles. Sensor and robot posture were used for computing rotation matrices that helped compute geographical coordinates of the solid-state lidar data. Next, the quadruped robot scanned the actual site to reconstruct tunnel shape. Lastly, the optimal elements necessary to increase utility in actual fields were found and proposed.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.767-773
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• 2024

This study was limited to tying (connecting) knots using rescue ropes, and 5 subjects were selected for the experiment. After performing the correct knot, single-layer knot, figure-8 connecting knot, and fisherman's knot, the speed and convenience of each were analyzed. The results of analyzing the most convenient and fastest rope connecting method in rope tying are as follows. The correct knot and single-layer knot showed similar values of 11.80 seconds and 13.20 seconds, respectively. The figure-8 connecting knot showed significantly higher time of 19.00 seconds, which seems to be because the method of making a loop in the shape of a figure-8 and then inserting the rope along the figure-8 shape took some time to connect the rope. The fisherman's knot showed the lowest time of 9.80 seconds. This method overlaps the rope and forms a sling knot on the left and right, so it seems that the overall result is easy for the subjects to learn because it involves wrapping the rope once and pulling it out in the opposite direction. In an emergency rescue situation, the fisherman's knot is considered to be the most appropriate way to quickly and firmly connect ropes.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.25-49
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• 2009

Advances in technology have resulted in the emergence of new information systems. The convergence of IT and manufacturing sectors has blurred the boundaries among industries. Also, such convergence has become established as a paradigm to build a new area. Especially the convergence of broadcasting and telecommunication, notably in the case of IPTV (Internet Protocol Television), is among the most salient examples of its kind in recent years as a major case of disruptive technology innovation. Despite its much fanfare, such convergence, however, has not fulfilled the expectation; it has not produced positive economic effects while negatively affecting the growth of IPIV. Stakeholders in and around IPIV including telecommunication companies, broadcasting corporations, and government bodies wish to gain control of IPTV under their wings. IPTV has drifted in the midst of conflicts among the stakeholders in and around IPTV, particularly telecommunication and broadcasting organizations in a broad sense. Our empirical research intends to deal with how audiences accept IPTV and how firms provide IPTV services to utilize their resources. Three research questions in this paper include, first, whether Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) can sufficiently explain the acceptance of IPTV as an information system. The second question concerns with empirically testing the playful aspect of IPTV to increase its audience acceptance. Last, but not least, this paper deals with how firms can efficiently and effectively allocate their limited resources to increase IPTV viewers. To answer those three main questions of our study, we collect data from 197 current subscribers of high speed internet service and/or cable/satellite television. Empirical results show that 'perceived usefulness (PU) $\rightarrow$ Intention to use' and 'perceived ease of use (PEU) $\rightarrow$ Intention to use' are significant. Also, 'perceived ease of use' is significantly related to 'perceived usefulness.' Perceived ease of handling IPTV without much effort can positively influence the perceived value of IPTV. In this regard, engineers and designers of IPTV should pay more attention to the user-friendly interface of IPTV. In addition, 'perceived playfulness (PP)' of IPTV is positively related to 'intention to use'. Flow, fun and entertainment have recently gained greater attention in the research concerned with information systems. Such attention is due to the changing features of information systems in recent years that combine the functional and leisure attributes. These results give practical implications to the design of IPTV that reflects not just leisure but also functional elements. This paper also investigates the relationship between 'perceived ease of use (PEU)' and 'perceived playfulness (PP).' PEU is positively related to pp. Audiences without fear can be attracted more easily to the user-friendly IPTV, thereby perceiving the fun and entertainment with ease. Practical implications from this finding are that, to attract more interest and involvement from the audience, IPTV needs to be designed with similar or even more user friendly interface. Of the factors related to 'intention to use', 'perceived usefulness (PU)' and 'perceived ease of use (PEU)' have greater impacts than 'perceived playfulness (PP).' Between PU and PEU, their impacts on 'intention to use' are not significantly different statistically. Managerial implications of this finding are that firms in preparation for the launch of IPTV service should prioritize the functions and interface of IPTV. This empirical paper also provides further insight into the ways in which firms can strategically allocate their limited resources so as to appeal to viewers, both current and potential, of IPTV.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.111-121
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• 2019

Evapotranspiration (ET) of vegetation is one of the major components of the hydrologic cycle, and its accurate estimation is important for hydrologic water balance, irrigation management, crop yield simulation, and water resources planning and management. For agricultural crops, ET is often calculated in terms of a short or tall crop reference, such as well-watered, clipped grass (reference crop evapotranspiration, $ET_o$). The Penman-Monteith equation recommended by FAO (FAO 56-PM) has been accepted by researchers and practitioners, as the sole $ET_o$ method. However, its accuracy is contingent on high quality measurements of four meteorological variables, and its use has been limited by incomplete and/or inaccurate input data. Therefore, this study evaluated the applicability of Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) model for estimating $ET_o$ from less meteorological data than required by the FAO 56-PM. A total of six meteorological inputs, minimum temperature, average temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation, were divided into a series of input groups (a combination of one, two, three, four, five and six variables) and each combination of different meteorological dataset was evaluated for its level of accuracy in estimating $ET_o$. The overall findings of this study indicated that $ET_o$ could be reasonably estimated using less than all six meteorological data using BPNN. In addition, it was shown that the proper choice of neural network architecture could not only minimize the computational error, but also maximize the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The findings of this study would be of use in instances where data availability and/or accuracy are limited.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.3A
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• pp.297-307
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• 2010

Recently, maintenance engineering and technology for civil and building structures have begun to draw big attention and actually the number of structures that need to be evaluate on structural safety due to deterioration and performance degradation of structures are rapidly increasing. When stiffness is decreased because of deterioration of structures and member cracks, dynamic characteristics of structures would be changed. And it is important that the damaged areas and extent of the damage are correctly evaluated by analyzing dynamic characteristics from the actual behavior of a structure. In general, typical measurement instruments used for structure monitoring are dynamic instruments. Existing dynamic instruments are not easy to obtain reliable data when the cable connecting measurement sensors and device is long, and have uneconomical for 1 to 1 connection process between each sensor and instrument. Therefore, a method without attaching sensors to measure vibration at a long range is required. The representative applicable non-contact methods to measure the vibration of structures are laser doppler effect, a method using GPS, and image processing technique. The method using laser doppler effect shows relatively high accuracy but uneconomical while the method using GPS requires expensive equipment, and has its signal's own error and limited speed of sampling rate. But the method using image signal is simple and economical, and is proper to get vibration of inaccessible structures and dynamic characteristics. Image signals of camera instead of sensors had been recently used by many researchers. But the existing method, which records a point of a target attached on a structure and then measures vibration using image processing technique, could have relatively the limited objects of measurement. Therefore, this study conducted shaking table test and field load test to verify the validity of the method that can measure multi-point displacement responses of structures using image processing technique.