• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.50-63
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• 1985

A derivation of new release limit, named Derived Release Limit(DRL), into the atomsphere from a reference nuclear power plant has been performed on the basis of the new system of dose limitation recommended by the ICRP, instead of the (MPC)a limit which has been currently used until now as a general standard for radioactive effluents in Korea. In DRL Calculation, a Concentration Factor Method was applied, in which the concentrations of long-term routinely released radionuclides were in equilibrium with dose in environment under the steady state condition. The analytical model used in the exposure pathway analysis was the one which has been suggested by the USNRC and the exposure limits applied in this analysis were those recommended by the USEPA lately. In the exposure pathway analysis, all of the pathways are not considered and some may be excluded either because they are not applicable or their contribution to the exposure is insignificant compared with other pathways. In case, the environmental model developed in this study was applied to the Kori nuclear power plant as the reference power plant, the highest DRL value was calculated to be as $9.10{\times}10^6Ci/yr$ for Kr-85 in external whole body exposure from the semi-infinite radioactive cloud, while the lowest DRL value was observed 3.64Ci/yr for Co-60 in external whole body exposure from the contaminated ground, by the radioactive particulates. The most critical exposure pathway to an individual in the unrestricted area of interest (Kilchun-Ri, 1.3 km to the north of the release point) seems to be the exposure pathway from the contaminated ground and the most critical radionuclide in all pathways appears to be Co-60 in the same pathway. When comparing the actual release rate from KNU-l in 1982 with the DRL's obtained here the release of radionuclides from KNU-1 were much lower than the DRL's and it could be conclued that the exposure to an individual had been kept below the exposure limits recommended by the USEPA.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.495-501
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• 2000

Background : Cardiopulmonary exercise test is a useful test for the evaluation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Obese subjects have an increased resting metabolic rate ($VO_2$) compared to non~obese subjects and the increase is more marked during dynamic exercise, which results in the limitation of maximal exercise in obese subjects. In this study, the influence of the obesity and fat distribution on the maximal exercise capacity were evaluated. Methods : Maximal exercise capacity was represented by maximam maximum oxygen uptake and $VO_2$ max in the cardiopulmonary test. Obesity, total fat content and abdomina1 obesity(waist to hip ratio, WHR) were measured by bioelectrical impedence method. Total of 42 volunteers (male 22, fema1e 20) were evaluated. Results : 1) Weight to height ratio (mean$\pm$SD) was 110$\pm$14.9% in men and 100$\pm$11.1% in women. 2) Fat ratio (mean$\pm$SD) was 23.3$\pm$5.2% in men and 27.55$\pm$3.9% in woman. 3) Waist to hip ratio (mean$\pm$SD) was 0.85$\pm$0.04 in men and 0.8$\pm$0.03 in woman. 4) In men, $VO_2$ max/min/Kg was negatively correlated with obesity, fat ratio, and abdominal fat distribution. 5) In woman, $VO_2$ max/Kg was negatively correlated with obesity and fat ratio, but did not show significant relationship with abdominal fat distribution. Conclusion : Obesity was a limiting factor for maximal exercise in both men and women. Abdominal obesity was a limiting factor for maximal exercise in men but its implication to women needs further evaluation.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.65-93
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• 2011

This paper aims to explore how relational constructs(supplier's idiosyncratic investment, retailer's dependence, and dyadic communication) impact the buyer's trust across the relationship lifecycle. Companies make great efforts to create trust and maintain long-term relationship with buyers. Buyer and supplier relationships evolve through distinct lifecycles. In each phase, buyers and suppliers exhibit different patterns of behaviour. Also, they have different attitudes toward, and expectation of, one another. In this study, the final outcome investigated is long-term orientation from the buyer's perspective. Data were collected from 296 survey questionnaires of retailers engaging in Crops Protected Material industry in Korea. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to purify the measurement scales. And structural equation analysis and Chow test were used to test the hypotheses. The result indicates that the effect of retailer's dependence on the trust is greatest. Especially, the effect of dependence is growing as the relationship has developed. Supplier's idiosyncratic investment increases trust in the early phase, while it is not found to affect trust in the maturity phase. In the early phase, the determination of trust begins to be increasingly influenced by partner's relationship investment only because other clues are not observed yet. Reciprocal communication has a positive effect on trust, and long-term orientation is directly influenced by retailer's trust. Communication's effect is greater in the build-up phase than in the maturity phase. A limitation of this study is the unequal sample size in each of the relationship phases. Literature has suggested that the effects of relational constructs on outcomes are different across relationship phases. This study shows that different relational constructs have different effects on trust depending upon the relationship phase.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.2
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• pp.259-289
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• 1999

The Security Industry has dynamic working conditions. So this study intends to find the advisable direction for the reduction of accidents. To achieve the aim, the investigation of documents and the examinations of actual proofs have been done to figure the theoretical background and to see the basic knowledge of security industry. The questionnaire was composed of two question sheets to search real data and actual proofs, with making targets of pure security organization and personnel. The one consists of 9 questions to find the scale and extent of security organizations and the population and character of security personnel, and the other 25 questions in 3 major areas to analyze the causes, the frequency rates, the factors, and the condition of accidents. The period of survey was July 15th to October 15th in 1997 by mail/telephone/interview. The questionnaires were efficiently returned from 102 different organizations including the public security groups of Seoul Metropolitan Police Bureau and so on, with the information of 8,222 persons having worked for Korean Security Industry in 1996. So being based on the reality, some meaningful facts were found, and were compared with the national statistics of the Government. This study is made up of 5 chapters : in the 1st chapter the motivation, the object, the method, the direction and the limitation of the approach were presented ,in the 2nd chapter the theoretical background were inferred ; in the 3rd chapter the collected data of accidents in Korean Security Industry were analyzed and explained on the base of the questionnaires , in the 4th chapter the advisable facts connected with preventing accidents were mentioned ; in the last the conclusion were stated. With the replies of 102 different organizations including the information of 8,222 persons in 1996, the main facts found or analyzed through this study are as follows. Firstly, accident is an unpredictable and occasional event. It occurs to man and/or thing, but the frequency rate of accidents in Korean Government and other Institutes has been calculated and evaluated only in the point of the accident related with man. Secondly, the factors of accidents are firstly relevant to the way preventing accidents in Security Industry in Korea. However the frequency rate is academically calculated and evaluated by at once man(population) and hour(time). But the Government has done the rate only by man(population). This can be improper and inaccurate rates. Thirdly, the confused concept of security is used in Korean Government, academic society, corporation and so on. Therefore the detailed formation of the concept is needed for the development of Security Industry in Korea. Fourthly, security organizations can be classified into 'public security(public law enforcement)' and 'private security' according to its identification, and furthermore 'private security' can be divided into 'facilities-guard service', 'body-guard service', and 'patrol service' according to its major role. Fifthly, in the viewpoint of the number of both organization and population,'facilities-guard service' is centered in Korean 'private security'. According to the analyzed results of the questionnaires in this study, the frequency rate of accidents of Korean Security Industry is 0.43(%) totally in 1996 : 'facilities-guard service' 0.54(%), 'body-guard service' 0.12(%), and 'patrol service' 0.21(%) in 'private security', and 'public security' 0.20(%). With regard to the accident frequency rate of organization and population, 'facilities-guard service' is the highest. The accident frequency rate of population in 'facilities-guard service' organization ranges dispersively from 0.20(%) to 11.11(%). Sixthly, the accidented rate of workers having serviced for under one year is 57.6(%). This can mean that the main factor of accidents in Korean Security Industry is the lack of role-understanding and training/education. And another factor can be found on the time of accident occurrence. Many accidents have been occurred on the relaxed points like as just after lunch and morning rush-hour. Lastly, the major advisable facts related to preventing accidents are as follows : The workers who are over fifty years old in 'facilities-guard service' organization need to be educated for preventing accidents ; It is desirable that the training and education to prevent accidents should be practiced in the time of pre-service ; As the style of accidents and the age of the accidented are not same according to major service area('public security' and 'private security' : 'facilities-guard service', 'body-guard service', and 'patrol service'), the plans to prevent accidents must be different and various. However fracture and bruise are general accidents in Korean Security Industry ; Workers must care about traffic accident and violent fall ; It seems that the grouped working with other two persons will reduce accident occurrence possibility rather than individually single working.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.64-71
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• 2012

This is a basic study for recovering original form of Nongsanbyeoleop(農山別業) in Gangjin, Jeonnam, created in the latter part of Joseon period and the estimation of originla form at the time of creation was conducted by analyzing related literature and inspecting the actual site. "Joseokruki(朝夕樓記)" of Dasan Jung, Yak Yong could estimate spatial structure and using form of Nongsanbyeoleop and the arrangement of spatial structure in literature could be confirm by on-the-site inspection. The results of this study are as follows. The first, Nongsanbyeoleop managed spatial factors applying natural topography. For the spatial characteristics of Nongsanbyeoleop, the location of ancestral ritual space including deceased father's tomb and tomb house far from the main levee of Yun, Kwang Taek, a father of Yun, Seo Yu by 1.9km and housekeeping could be confirmed. The second, spatial estimation by "Joseokruki" could be possible. "Joseokruki" describes Joseokru.Youngmojae.Hanokkwan.Cheokyunjung.Sangam as construction factors, Wundang.Kookdan.Nokwunoh. as plant factors, Sookyunggan.Keumkoji.Nokeumjung.Uijanghae as hydroponic factors and Pyoeunkok.Aengjakang as natural topography factors. However, most of them were disappeared and at present, only Youngmojae, Keumgoji, Kukdan and Wundang show the past trace. The third is for the changed space of Nongsanbyeoleop and its reason. The surrounding space of Nongsanbyeoleop was planated by land arrangement in 1960s and it played a role of topographical damage because it's recognized as the plane factor including Nongsanbyeoleop's surrounding landscape rather than dotted factor. The forth, the actual measurement of Nongsanbyeoleop and digitalization of manual map of numerical value are judged to be sufficient to apply as the basic material for recovering garden in the future. Because of the diatahce changing method applied at that time, the garden recovery of Nongsanbyeoleop intended to be concreted and 3D model established by digitalized basic materials is considered to apply for multilateral studying. Thus, Nongsanbyeoleop which is byeolseo including the tomb of deceased father based on the conceptual hyo thought shows clear differences from the organized factors of Byolseowonrim of precedent studies and the importance of Byolseowonrim is sufficient. But, the constructional factors which cannot know disappeared spatial factors and accurate location became the limitation of this study. In the future, clear verification of original form must be progressed by excavation which can confirm the location of construction factors.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.63-80
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• 1997

This study attempts to establish the criteria of site selection for establishing solid waste disposal facility, to determine optimal solid waste disposal sites with the criteria, and to examine the suitability of the selected sites. The Multi-Criteria Evaluation(MCE) module in Idrisi is used to determine optimal sites for solid waste disposal. The MCE combines the information from several criteria in interval and/or ratio scale to form a single index of evaluation without leveling down the data scale into ordinal scale. The summary of this study is as follows: First, the considerable criteria are selected through reviewing the literature and the availability of data: namely, percent of slope, fault lines, bedrock characteristics, major residential areas, reservoirs of water supply, rivers, inundated area, roads, and tourist resorts. Second, the criteria maps of nine factors have been developed. Each factor map is standardized and multiplies by its weight, and then the results are summed. After all of the factors have been incorporated, the resulting suitability map is multiplied by each of the constraint in turn to "zero out" unsuitable area. The unsuitable areas are discovered in urban district and its adjacencies, and mountain region as well as river, roads, resort area and their adjacency districts. Third, the potential sites for establishing waste disposal facilities are twenty five districts in Youngyang-gun. Five districts are located in Subi-myun Sinam-ri, nine districts in Chunggi-myun Haehwa-ri and Moojin-ri, and eleven districts in Sukbo-myun Posan-ri. The first highest score of suitability for waste disposal sites is shown at number eleven district in Chunggi-myun Moojin-ri and the second highest one is discovered at number twenty one district in Sukbo-myun Posan-ri that is followed by number nine district in Chunggi-myun Haehwa-ri, number seventeen and twenty three in Sukbo-myun Posan-ri, and number two in Subi-myun Sinam-ri. The first lowest score is found in number six district in Chunggi-myun Haehwa-ri, and the second lowest one is number five district in Subi-myun Sinam-ri. Finally, the Geographic Information System (GIS) helps to select optimal sites with more objectively and to minimize conflict in the determination of waste disposal sites. It is important to present several potential sites with objective criteria for establishing waste disposal facilities and to discover characteristics of each potential site as a result of that final sites of waste disposal are determined through considering thought of residents. This study has a limitation of criteria as a result of the restriction of availability of data such as underground water, soil texture and mineralogy, and thought of residents. To improve selection of optimal sites for a waste disposal facility, more wide rage of spatial and non-spatial data base should be constructed.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pain recovery pattern according to the integrity and to analyze the factors affecting the progress and level of pain postoperatively. Materials and Methods: We examined 153 patients, who were treated with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. 101 rotator cuff tears were full-thickness tear and 52 were partial tear. The mean follow up duration was 20 months (12~30 months). We evaluated the visual analogue scale, range of motion, ASES (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons), and UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) scores preoperatively and postoperatively. We analyzed the pain recovery pattern between partial and full thickness tear using Student T-test and the factors affecting the progress and level of postoperative pain using multiple regression analysis. Results: The change patterns of visual analogue scale after arthroscpoic repair were similar regardless of the tear integrity. The VAS showed a continuous decreasing pattern, but increased at first 3 weeks postoperatively and at 7 weeks postoperatively, and then, decreased thereafter. The average VAS was ${\leqq}2$ points by postoperative 3 months. The factor affecting the pain score at 3 months was related to the preoperative limitation in forward flexion ($r^2=0.377$, p=0.021). Conclusion: There was no differences of the pain recovery pattern according to the integrity, and the factor affecting the progress of postoperative pain was preoperative angle of forward elevation. So, the appropriate preoperative rehabilitation protocol that can improve motions of the shoulder joint would help to improve the level of postoperative pain and functional recovery.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.47
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• pp.95-130
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• 2016

The job satisfaction of records managers is of importance because it affects their work performance and retention. The purpose of this study is to investigate records managers' job satisfaction and to identify factors affecting records manager's job satisfaction to find the way to improve their job satisfaction. Specific questions of the study are as follows: 1) What is the job satisfaction of records managers? 2) Are factors affecting job satisfaction different depending on record managers' personal characteristics? 3) What are the most influential factors on job satisfaction? To do that, questionnaires were used to gather data from 60 domestic records managers working in different types of records centers. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, and multiple-regression analysis. Additionally, interviews with 2 record managers were conducted to collect opinions on factors affecting job dissatisfaction and recommendations for improving their job satisfaction. Important findings of the study are as follows: First, the respondents are moderately satisfied with their jobs (3.2 out of 5 points). The level of job satisfaction is different depending on years of career, years of employment, number of personnel the respondent is working with in the records center, and etc. The number of personnel the respondent is working with was found to be the most influential factor. Second, multiple-regression analysis result shows that motivation factors(satisfaction factors) are more influential than hygiene factors (dissatisfaction factors) on the respondents' job satisfaction, which confirms Herzberg's two factor theory. More specifically, 'work ethic,' one of motivator factors, has the greatest influence, followed by 'procedural impartiality', 'communication', 'job characteristic', 'distributive justice', and 'working conditions.' Based on the results, this study suggests several ways to improve record managers' job satisfaction level. First, the awareness of records management should be increased. The respondents indicated that their job dissatisfaction is usually derived from a lack of the awareness of records management. Therefore, every chief of organizations, National Archives of Korea, and records managers themselves should try to raise the awareness of records management. Especially, records managers should make stronger efforts to attract the office's attention. Second, records managers ought to establish their identity as records management profession. Also, they should participate in various activities of the archival community to overcome the limitation of individuals.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.17-23
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• 2009

Purpose: It has been known that PET/CT is very valuable in follow-up study of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Generally, in DLBCL, radiotherapy and chemotherapy has been progressed, because the lesion hasn‘t been limited to one site. And, it has lead to the decrease of leukocyte like neutropenia, due to myelosuppression of chemotherapy. So, in that case, administration of Filgrastim (Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; G-CSF) is universal. However, in short time after administration, PET/CT has limitation to offer accurate images, through the uptake of $^{18}F$-FDG is increased in the region that is activated bone marrow by hematopoietic growth. Therefore, the aim of this study is that PET/CT in a certain period of time after administration of Filgrastim is able to show normal degree of $^{18}F$-FDG uptake. Materials and Methods: 10 patients under follow-up study of diffuse large B cell lymphoma were examined in this study from January, 2007 to January, 2009 (Male: 4 persons; Female: 6 persons; The mean age: 53.8 years old; The mean weight: 57.3 Kg). Using PET/CT (Discovery STe; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA), whole body images were acquired in 1 hour after $^{18}F$-FDG injection. For image analysis, each ROI ($120\;mm^2$) was drawn on $C^6$ (the sixth C-spine), $L_4$ (the forth L-spine), liver, spleen, and lung, then SUV (Standard Uptake Value)s were measured. We compared with each uptake between in 1-day and 5~7 days after administration of Filgrastim at same patient, so confirmed significance about these by SPSS version 12. Results: In case of $C_6$, $L_4$, spleen, every SUV of 1 day later was remarkably higher than that of 5~7 days later, but liver and lung were similar. Also, the images acquired after 5~7 days distinct remarkably and show normal degree of $^{18}F$-FDG uptake, because uptake of bone was almost disappeared. Conclusions: In this study, each SUV was prominent difference as a period of time after Filgrastim’s administration. And Filgrastim makes concentrate uptake of $^{18}F$-FDG in bone, but, after 5~7 days, bone‘s uptake was greatly decreased. Therefore, we are able to infer a certain period of time that shows normal degree of uptake, by numerical value proven. Also, we consider that this study contribute to advanced study about the other agent like Pegfilgrastim, Lenograstim besides Filgrastim, afterwards.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.108-118
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Volume stability, microstructure reproducibility and fluidity along with compatibility with dental stone must be in consideration in order to use tissue conditioner as a material for functional impression. There are few studies concerning the influence of time factor in oral condition on surface roughness of the stone and optimal retention period in the oral cavity considering such changes in surface roughness. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find out the influence of various kinds of tissue conditioner, its powder/liquid ratio and immersion time on surface roughness of the stone. Material and methods: Materials used in this study were the three kinds of tissue conditioners(Coe-Comfort, Visco-Gel, Soft-Liner) and were grouped into three: group R-mixed with standard powder/liquid ratio that was recommended by the manufacturers, group M-mixed with 20% more powder, group L-mixed with 20% less powder. Specimens were made with the size of 20 mm diameter and 2 mm width. Each tissue conditioner specimens were subdivided into 5 groups according to the immersion time(0 hour, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days), completely immersed into artificial saliva and were stored under $37^{\circ}C$. Specimens of which the given immersion time elapsed were taken out and were poured with improved stone, making the stone specimens. Surface roughness of the stone specimens was measured by a profilometer. Results: Within the limitation of this study, the following results were drawn. 1. Major influencing factor on surface roughness of the stone model made from tissue conditioner was the retention period(contribution ratio($\rho$)=62.86%, P<.05) of the tissue conditioner in oral cavity to make functional impression. 2. In case of Coe-Comfort, higher mean surface roughness value of the stone model with statistical significance was observed compared to that of Soft-Liner and Visco-Gel as immersion time changes(P<.05). 3. In case of group L(less), higher mean surface roughness value of the stone model with statistical significance was observed compared to that of R(recommended) and M(more) group as immersion time changes(P<.05). Conclusion: We may conclude that as the retention period of time in oral cavity influences surface roughness of the stone model the most and as the kind of tissue conditioner and its P/L ratio may influence also, clinician should well understand the optimal retention period in oral cavity and choose the right tissue conditioner for the functional impression, thus making the functional impression with tissue conditioner usefully.