• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2007

목적: 1990년대 초반부터 시작된 우리나라의 산업 보건에 대한 사회적 관심의 증대와 시장의 요구에 따라 산업위생기관의 양적인 팽창이 이루어지긴 하였으나 실험실 관련 안전보건규정이 미비한 상태에서 추진되어 산업위생 실험실에서 다양한 유해 위험성 인자를 취급함에도 불구하고 사용되는 량이 소규모로 인해 안전보건과 관련된 사항은 대부분 간과하고 있으며, 산업위생 실험실의 안전보건관리 실태는 선진외국에 비해 상당히 낙후되어 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 우리나라 산업위생 실험실과 관련한 안전보건관리 실태를 평가함으로써 향후 실험실의 안전보건관리 수준을 향상 시키는데 효과적인 자료로 활용하는데 기여하고자 한다. 방법: 산업위생실험실의 안전보건 실태를 파악하기 위해 설문조사를 수행하였으며, 설문은 실험실의 전반적인 안전보건, 화학물질 저장 및 용기, 가연성 및 인화성 화학물질, 가스 실린더, 의사전달, 응급처치 및 비상사태 장비, 정리정돈, 소방안전, 전기안전, 개인보호구, 흄후드 및 환기, 및 이황화탄소 취급 사례로서 12개 영역으로 구성되었다. 연구대상은 2001년 한국산업안전공단 정도관리프로그램에 참여한 기관으로서 총 대상은 119개 기관이었다. 연구기간은 2002년 7월 01일부터 8월 30일까지 약 60일 이었다. 설문은 반송봉투에 넣어 설문완성 후 연구자에게 보낼 수 있도록 배려하였으며, 1차 설문을 보낸 후 2주 후에 설문 참여를 독려하기 위해 엽서를 발송하였고, 다시 2주 후에 각 산업위생기관에 개별 전화 연락을 취하였다. 그 결과 63% (75개 기관)의 완성된 설문을 얻을 수 있었다. 설문의 총 조사항목은 79문항으로 구성되어 있으며, 산업위생실험실의 안전보건 수준을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 안전보건 매뉴얼, 교육훈련프로그램 및 한국산업안전공단 실험실 지침서를 보유한 기관과 그렇지 않은 기관간의 차이는 선별된 67문항에 대해 각 문항에 합당하거나 적절할 경우 1점을 부여하는 방식으로 점수화하였다. 이들의 관련성을 파악하기 위하여 Microsoft-Excel 2000 프로그램을 이용하여 two-tailed t-test 분석을 실시하였다. 결과 1. 산업위생실험실 운영과 관련한 67개 항목(항목별로 각 1점 부여)에 대한 안전보건 성과지수화 (100점으로 점수 환산) 결과 안전보건 매뉴얼을 보유한 기관은 $42.98{\pm}13.36$(p<0.001)점, 교육훈련프로그램을 보유한 기관은 $50.75{\pm}14.12$(p<0.01)점, 한국산업안전공단 실험실 지침서를 보유한 기관은 $43.58{\pm}11.92$(p<0.01)점으로 그렇지 않은 기관에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 점수분포를 보였다. 2. 화학물질 보관 캐비닛이 있는 기관 중 64.8%의 기관은 화학물질을 알파벳 순으로, 27.8%는 분류 기준에 따라, 그리고 7.4%는 무작위로 보관하고 있었다. 3. 단지 8.0% (6개)의 기관만이 실험실내에 눈세정 분수(2 개), 샤워기(3개) 및 눈세정물병(3개, 2개 중복 응답 기관)과 같은 응급처치 장치 및 물품을 갖추고 있었다. 4. 89.0%의 기관이 흄후드내에 화학물질을 보관하고 있었다. 5. 물질안전보건자료, 흄후드 기록지, 비상사태 절차서 및 한국산업안전공단 실험실 지침서와 같은 문서관리는 부적절하게 관리 및 기록되고 있었다. 6. 대부분의 산업위생 실험실은 응급처치 장비, 화학물질 또는 가스용기 보관실과 같은 실험실 안전설비가 부족할 뿐만 아니라 정리정돈, 화학물질 저장 캐비닛, 안전보호구 및 흄후드와 같은 관리가 미비하였다. 결론: 이상의 결과에 근거하여 기관장은 실험실의 안전보건관리를 위하여 문서관리체계를 제공하고, 모든 실험실 종사자가 적절한 개인보호구를 착용할 수 있도록 하며, 비상 장비를 설치하고, 실험실과 관련한 적절한 규정을 제정하며, 교육훈련 프로그램을 제공하여야 한다. 또한 실험실 종사자는 실험 중 적절한 개인보호구의 착용하고, 비상장비 이용에 대한 교육훈련에 참여하며, 적절한 실험실 운영관리에 대한 책임감을 가져야 한다. 위의 권고사항 이행을 위해서 KOSHA는 KQCP 프로그램에 실험실 안전보건관리 항목을 삽입하여 주기적인 평가를 수행할 필요가 있다. 우리나라 실험실의 특성을 고려할 때 본 연구결과는 일반 실험실에도 적용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.11
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• pp.153-199
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• 2007

The East has recognized 'similar forms' and 'similar spirits' as important topics in expressing an object. Figure painting, in particular, has attached importance to 'transmission of spirit'. Gu Kaizhi (345-406) definitely presented the transmission concept and made it the moot important criterion in painting criticism. By identifying the possibility of revealing spirit through a form, he recognized the 'expression of will' in a creator's work and the experience of such 'expressed will' by an appreciator to be the essential acts of art. Thus, he said, a figure painting revealed the character and nature of the depicted object rather than reproducing its form. Regarding art as a person creating the saintly way of life via developing own character, he attached importance to the will of an artist as the central aesthetic subject. This dissertation explores the keynote of the spirit expressing an artist's inner world and the external shape of a figure. It is carried out by investigating the process of Gu Kaizhi's theory (namely spirit transmission and revelation in painting) leading to Su Dongpo's assertion that "the nature of things" and later leading to Yun Duseo's "theory of the way of painting" as the spirit-transmission theory faithful to the principle of revealing spirit through a form in Chosun. The chronological study of the aforementioned works reveals that the relation between an artist and an object is important at the stage of setting aim in producing a work, and this dissertation analyzed it with four elements: (1) creating work based on the viewpoint of nature that heaven and man are one; (2) reflection of the creator's character (including his/her nature, temperament, spirituality, and emotion during the creation) and the artistic merit of a picture; (3) the dialectic unification between the true and the false through space which is a volitional state as creative thinking space; (4) importance of artist's will above the technique used such that a purposeless, inactive and plain work (where human will is combined with heavenly one) was pursued because the picture is regarded coming from the mind created in the unity of host/artist and guest/object. Thus, through his/her intuitive insight is the world where self is united with the cosmos symbolized. Such expression of an artist's inner world and the external shape of a thing pursues the stage of materialization and creates the new modes such as using space, a variety of brushstrokes, and accidentality and improvisation of India ink. In particular, the writer sees that such expression which enables a creator to express his/her nature or personality (and even the emotion) at the time of creation will be highly worth studying in the future, in accord with the pursuit of contemporary painting being expressed as an abstract aspect.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2013

A taxonomic study was carried out to assess the phylogenetic characteristics of isolate JJM57 from marine red algae Laurencia sp. collected from intertidal zone in Jeju Island, South Korea. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence shows that this isolate belongs to the genus Oceanisphaera. It shows 98.02% and 97.7% sequence similarity with Oceanisphera litoralis DSM $15406^T$ and Oceanisphera donghaensis KCTC $12522^T$, respectively. Strain JJM57 is a Gram-negative, aerobic, moderately halophilic bacterium able to grow in different NaCl concentration ranges from 0.5 to 8.0% and at varying temperatures from 4 to $37^{\circ}C$. Sharing some of the physiological and biochemical properties with O. litoralis and O. donghaensis, JJM57 strain differs in the utilization of ethanol, proline, and alanine. The G+C contents of the strain JJM57 is 61.94 mol% and it is rich in $C_{16:1}$ ${\omega}7c$ and/or iso-$C_{15:0}$ 2-OH, $C_{16:0}$, and $C_{18:1}$ ${\omega}7c$ fatty acids. The DNA-DNA relatedness data separates the strain JJM57 from other species such as O. litoralis and O. donghaensis. On the basis of these polyphasic evidences, present study proposed that strain JJM57 (=KCTC 22371 =AM983543 =CCUG 60764) represents a novel bacterial species of Oceanisphaera.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.2 s.89
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• pp.164-169
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• 1999

This study was carried out in an attempt to select chemicals such as zeolite granules, chitosan, wood-vinegar, $Ca(OCl)_2$, NaOCl, against bacterial brown blotch caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii on Flammulina velutipes in laboratory and mushroom unit. Results obtained using these chemicals were summarized. Inhibitory effect on $Ca(OCl)_2$ and wood-vinegar with 0.5% concentration was shown to caual pathogen, P. tolaasii, by slight damage on the mycelial growth of F. velutipes. Those materials were recognized as promising one for control of bacterial brown bloth on F. velutipes. Disease incidence in control was the highest value as 43.8%; whereas chemical treatment was estimated as 14.6% with 0.5% of $Ca(OCl)_2$. Disease incidence was inhibited about 20% in chemical treatment with 0.5% of wood-vinegar, 1.0% of $Ca(OCl)_2$, and 26.1% with 1.0% of wood-vinegar. For the inhibition effects of chemical concentrations, it was effective at the low concentration which was 0.5% rather than that of 1.0%. Quality of mushrooms was significantly improved, and yields was also increased by 30% in the chemical treatment. In case of $Ca(OCl)_2$ treatment at 1.0% concentration, the yields was increased by 35.6% showed the highest value among tested chemicals. However, the overall effects including disease incidence, quality and yields suggests that $Ca(OCl)_2$ is relatively more effective than wood-vinegar, and the optimal concentration controlling the disease was $0.5{\sim}1.0%$ with $Ca(OCl)_2$ and 0.5% with wood-vinegar.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2004

Cordyceps pruinosa grows upon dead pupae of Lepidoptera and produces one or $3{\sim}4$ club-shaped stromata per host. The stromata have distinct club-shaped head and long stalk. The length of stromata varies from $1{\sim}3\;cm$. Apical head consists of densely crowded semi-immersed perithecia, which are $360{\sim}400\;{\times}\;180{\sim}200\;{\mu}m$ in size. Asci are $150\;{\mu}m$ in length and $2.8{\sim}3\;{\mu}m$ in diameter. Ascospores, which are $124{\sim}141\;{\mu}m$ in length, have thin thread-like structures in the middle with part-spores attached on both sides. Each ascospore does not separate into part-spores after dispersal, but each part-spore germinates and together develops a colony. The imperfect form produces phialides of $15{\sim}24\;{\times}\;2{\sim}3\;{\mu}m$ size, with spherical or spindle shaped conidia of $4{\sim}6\;{\times}\;1.8{\sim}2.4\;{\mu}m$ size, The anamorph was identified as Mariannaea elegans Samson. YMA and SDAY agar media with pH 7 was produced abundant mycelial growth with high density. Best mycelial growth was observed when dextrin was used as a carbon source. Lactose, saccharose and sucrose also produced high mycelial growth. Peptone, yeast extract and tryptone produced abundant mycelial growth, when used as nitrogen sources. Highest mycelial growth and density was observed when C/N ratio was 1 : 1 at the concentration of 12.5 g/l each. $KH_2PO_4$ was the best mineral source for mycelial growth. Highest mycelial dry wt. was produced in YM and SDAY broths. Optimum inoculum for 100 ml of liquid broth was 6 mycelial discs. Similarly, optimum liquid culture period was 7 days.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.23-40
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the quality changes of the UHT(ultra-high temperature), LTLT(law temperature long time) and HTST(high temperature short time) treated milk samples by storage conditions for 6 months from August 2000 to February 2001. The UHT treated milk samples collected from 3 plants(A, B and C) were stored at l0$^{\circ}$C and room temperature(dark and light exposure) for 6 months, and the LTLT and HTST treated milk samples(D and E) were also stored for 30 days. The UHT pasteurized milk of A, B and C plant was treated at 130$^{\circ}$C for 2-3s, 133$^{\circ}$C for 2-3s and 135$^{\circ}$C for 4s, respectively. The UHT sterilized milk of A and B plant was treated at 140$^{\circ}$C for 2-3s and 145$^{\circ}$C for 3-4s, respectively. The LTLT milk of D plant was treated at 63$^{\circ}$C for 30 mins, and the HTST milk of E plant was treated at 72$^{\circ}$C for 15s. All of the raw milk samples collected from storage tank in 5 milk plants were showed less than 4.0 X 10$^5$cfu/ml in standard plate count, and normal level in acidity, specific gravity, and component of milk. Preservatives, antibiotics, sulfonamides and available chloride were not detected in both raw and heat treated milk samples obtained from 5 plants. One(10%) of 10 UHT pasteurized milk samples obtained from B plant and 2 (20%) of 10 from C were not detected in bacterial count after storage at 37$^{\circ}$C for 14 days, but all of the 10 milk samples from A were detected. No coliforms were detected in all samples tested. No bacteria were also detected in carton, polyethylene and tetra packs collected from the milk plants. A total of 300 UHT pasteurized milk samples collected from 3 plants were stored at room(3$^{\circ}$C ${\sim}$ 30$^{\circ}$C) for 3 and 6 months, 11.3%(34/300) were kept normal in sensory test, and 10.7%(32/300)were negative in bacterial count. The UHT pasteurized milk from A deteriorated faster than the UHT pasteurized milk from B and C. The bacterial counts in the UHT pasteurized milk samples stored at 10$^{\circ}$C were kept less than standard limit(2 ${\times}$ 10$^4$ cfu/ml) of bacteria for 5 days, and bacterial counts in some milk samples were a slightly increased more than the standard limit as time elapsed for 6 months. When the milk samples were stored at room(3$^{\circ}$C ${\sim}$ 30$^{\circ}$C), the bacterial counts in most of the milk samples from A plant were more than the standard limit after 3 days of storage, but in the 20%${\sim}$30%(4${\sim}$6/20) of the milk samples from B and C were less than the standard limit after 6 months of storage. The bacterial counts in the LTLT and HTST pasteurized milk samples were about 4.0 ${\times}$ 10$^3$ and 1.5 ${\times}$ 101CFU/ml at the production day, respectively. The bacterial counts in the samples were rapidly increased to more than 10$^7$ CFU/ml at room temperature(12$^{\circ}$C ${\sim}$ 30$^{\circ}$C) for 3 days, but were kept less than 2 ${\times}$ 10$^3$ CFU/ml at refrigerator(l0$^{\circ}$C) for 7 days of storage. The sensory quality and acidity of pasteurized milk were gradually changed in proportion to bacterial counts during storage at room temperature and 10$^{\circ}$C for 30 days or 6 months. The standard limit of bacteria in whole market milk was more sensitive than those of sensory and chemical test as standards to determine the unaccepted milk. No significant correlation was found in keeping quality of the milk samples between dark and light exposure at room for 30 days or 6 months. The compositions of fat, solids not fat, protein and lactose in milk samples were not significantly changed according to the storage conditions and time for 30 days or 6 months. The UHT sterilized milk samples(A plant ; 20 samples, B plant ; 110 samples) collected from 2 plants were not changed sensory, chemical and microbiological quality by storage conditions for 6 months, but only one sample from B was detected the bacteria after 60 days of storage. The shelflife of UHT pasteurized milk in this study was a little longer than that reported by previous surveys. Although the shelflife of UHT pasteurized milk made a significant difference among three milk plants, the results indicated that some UHT pasteurized milk in polyethylene coated carton pack could be stored at room temperature for 6 months. The LTLT and HTST pasteurized milk should be sanitarily handled, kept and transported under refrigerated condition(below 7$^{\circ}$C) in order to supply wholesome milk to consumers.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.7
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• pp.231-235
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• 1989

The effects of choline and choline esters(acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol) on motility of isolated rabbit jejunum segment were examined and $pD_2$ values of each drugs were compared. The results were as follows. In choline, there were revealed that maximum effective concentration was $10^{-2}M$, $ED_{50}$ was $2.4{\times}10^{-3}M$, and $pD_2$ value was 2.619. In acetylcholine, there were revealed that maximum effective concentration was $10^{-4}M$, effect was hardly showin in $10^{-9}M$ concentration, $ED_{50}$ was $0.5{\times}10^{-5}M$, and $pD_2$ value was 5.154. In methacholine, there were revealed that maximum effective concentration was $10^{-5}M$, effect was hardly shown in $10^{-9}M$ concentration, $ED_{50}$ was $9{\times}10^{-7}M$, and $pD_2$ value was 6.045. In carbachol, there were revealed that maximum effective concentration was $10^{-5}M$, effect was hardly shown in $10^{-11}M$ concentration, $ED_{50}$ was $5.7{\times}10^{-7}M$, and $pD_2$ value was 6.244. In bethanechol, there were revealed that maximum effective concentration was $10^{-4}M$, effect was hardly shown in $10^{-8}M$ concentration, $ED_{50}$ was $3.3{\times}10^{-6}M$, and $pD_2$ value was 5.480. Choline and choline esters caused contraction on motility of isolated rabbit jejunum segment. The order of $pD_2$ values of drugs was carbachol, methacholine, bethanechol, acetylcholine and choline (in the descending order of potency).

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.7
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• pp.201-219
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• 1989

Rice culture in Korea has a long history ranging over two thousand years. In the agriculture economy of pre-mordern Korea, however, its importantce was not as great as generally assumed. In fact, rice culture reached full development only after the 1920s when the Japanese colonial government carried out its drive to increase rice production in the Korea peninsula. It was not until the mid-1930s that rice became the staple in Korean diet. This can be attributed to two factors : (1) a mountainous topography that provides little irrigated fields and (2) a climate characterized by droughts in spring and heavy precipitation in summer. The present paper attempts to answer some of these questions. Specifically it will focus on these : Did the development of rice culture actually result in population growth? What are the salient features of agricultural develdpment and population grow in traditional Korea? Does the case of Korea conform the prevailing generalization about the agriculture in East Asia? I have discussed the development of rice culture and population growth in the Chos$\breve{o}$n dynasty, focusing on the relation between the rapid spread of transplanting and the rapid growth of population from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. Here are my conclusions. (1) The spread of transplanting and other technological innovationsc contributed to the rapid growth of population in this period. However, we should also note that the impact of rice culture on population growth was rather limited, for rice culture was not the mainstay of agricultural economy in pre-modern Korea. Indeed we should consider the influence of dry field cropsn population growth. Nevertheless, it is obvious that the proliferation of rice culture was a factor crucial to population growth and regional concentration. (2) How should we characterize the spread of rice culture in the whole period? Evidently rice culture spread from less then 20% of cultivated fields in the fifteenth century to about 36% of them in the early twentieth century. Although rice as a single crop outweighed other crops, rice culture was more then counter-balanced by dry field crops as a whole, due to Korea's unique climate and geography. Thus what we have here in not a typical case of competition between rice culture and day field culture. Besides, the spread of rice culture in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries accomplished by technological innovations that overcame severe springtime drought, rather than extensive irrigation. Althougt irrigarion facilities did proliferate to some extent, this was achieved by local landlords and peasants rather than the state. This fact contradicts the classical thesis that the productivity of rice culture increased through the state management of irrigation and that this in turn determined the type of society. (3) We should further study other aspects of the transition from the stable population and production struture in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries to the rapid population growth and excessive density of population thereafter. We should note that there were continuing efforts to reclaim the land in order to solve the severe shortage of land. Changes also took place in the agricultural production relations. The increase in land producrivity developed tenancy based on rent in kind, and this in turn increased the independence of tenants from their landlords. There were changes in family relations-such as the shift to primogeniture as an effort to prevent progressive division of property among multiplying offspring. The rapid population growth also produced a great mass of propertyless farm laborers. These changes had much to do with the disintegration of traditional social institutions and political structure toward the end of the Chos$\breve{o}$n dynasty.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.7
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• pp.1-10
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• 1989

This experiment was conducted at the Kyungpook National University Agriculture college farm during 1988 to determine the effect of tiller no. Per hill on growth and competitive response of the rice plant. The results obtained were summarized as follows : As tiller no. Per hill, Rice yield increased and also yield component such as 1000-grain weight and ripening ratio were increased up to at 10 tiller no. Per hill but they decreased at 13 tiller no. Per hill in used four rice varieties. Culm length of four rice varieties was shortest at one tiller no. Per hill however as tiller no. Per hill increased culm length significantly decreased in all rice varieties. Flag leaf length was highest at one tiller no. Per hill in all varieties while flag leaf length decreased with increased tiller no. Per hill. Highest harvest index exhibited at 13 tiller no. Per hill in all varieties and also showed that Chil seongbyeo and Samgang byeo of Tongil variety were higher harvest index compared to Nagdongbyeo and Palgongbyeo of Japonica Variety. Tiller no. Per hill did not significantly affect the heading date except by delayed heading date on Chilseong and Samgangbyeo at one tiller no. Per hill. The correlation coefficients of competitive index and ripening ratio and harvest index were 0.60 and 0.77 respectively while panicle length was 0.43 and grain weight was 029.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.29
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• pp.11-19
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• 2011

This research gives weight to establish practical improvement based on analysis of the landscape ecological character and value to realize the importance of small wetland and stream in cultivated areas functioning as a residual landscape element in rural landscape and to deal with ecological depression effectively. The results of summary are as follows. 1) The results of landscape ecological character analysis of wetlands biotop in total of 7 sites, for example, size of surface in site 5 was widely formed about $10,600m^2$, which was assessed satisfactory in terms of slope of waterfront, width of hedgerow, vegetation condition of composition and so on. Also, The number of flexibility showed 2 in site 8-1, the highest, and morphological diversity showed 1.47, the highest. 2) The results of problem analysis of wetland biotop, most of wetlands are analyzed that the width of hedgerow was below 1m. Also, the 4 wetlands in site 8 are appeared that hard to live slope vegetation in there because of slope of waterfronts are above $45^{\circ}$. 3) The results of landscape ecological character analysis of stream in total of 6 sites, for example, width of waterfront in site 4 showed 55m, the widest, and investigated consist of natural ingredients such as soil, rock, gravel. However, width of waterfront in site 2-2 showed 4m, the narrowest, and inclined angle of slope was formed a right angle. 4) The results of problem analysis of stream, width of waterfront hedgerow in site 2-1 showed about 5m, which was very narrower than width of waterfront, and toxic chemicals discharged from near cultivated area without any filtering. Also, all areas of site 2-2 was formed concrete, and was assessed dissatisfactory in terms of capacity of nature purification, flood control, habitat living space because of straight stream. 5) Based on the result above landscape ecological character and problem analysis, main improvement guidelines are set in terms of shape, vegetation, topography in case of wetlands, and which are set in terms of vertical, horizontal structure in case of stream.