• Journal of architectural history
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.101-122
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• 1994

This paper is one of the sequels from 'A Survey of Villages and Dwellings of Korean Immigrants in the North-Eastern Part of China'. It is the result of the extensive survey of Ch'ang-ts'ai-tsun village and covers several architectural characteristics of the dwellings. This paper alma to identify the 'double file' dwelling type, which is believed as one of the main stream of Korean folk dwelling. In this type, 'Chung-ju-kan' forms the central open space, where main household functions are carried out. This type originates from climatic reasons and functional reasons as well. This paper also aims to clarify how the dwelling forms are changed according to the life styles of various periods. The Korean immigrants in this village have experienced rapid changes in modern times like other Chinese. Through various political movements, the original dwelling type of this village has changed to adapt various needs and functions, which shows the simple truth : dwelling form changes according to the changes of life style and social structure. In this paper the directions of chimney through various periods are analyzed to verify the differences of the house layout methods and concepts of the time. The village had grown through 3 main periods before liberation period(1946), communization period(1946 - 1966) and contemporary period (1967 - ). It is concluded as follows: 1. The village was originated in late 19th century along the east-west street, which was a major routes of Korean Immigrants to China. In this area there was no regularity in its site plan. The direction of chimney, which was usually westward, was not determined according to the location of gate. This type was kept until liberization of this area, 1946. The plans of dwellings followed Ham-kyong-do 'double file' dwelling type, '6-kan dwelling' or '8-kan dwelling'. 2. The 'New Village' area, which was formed in the communization period, has a strict regularity in its site plan. The direction of chimney was determined as opposite direction of the gate. This method was maintained until 1976, when Mao died and new 'open' policy was held by Chinese government. In this area the 'dwelling house' plan type was not changed, but its layout and size were restricted. The general form of the dwelling in this village was shaped in this period. 3. The contemporary dwellings were built in random site location. The dwelling type was changed because of the reduction of family size and the permissin of private ownership. The number of rooms was reduced but the storage rooms and domestic animal hutches were added. But the 'Chung-ju-kan', the major chacteristics of north-eastern Korea dwelling is still kept. It becomes one large 'Chtin-ju-kan' room like 'open plan' type.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.39
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• pp.115-142
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore the changes of values in Korea focused on the period from liberation in 1945 to industrialization in the late 1970s. Those periods classified into 'Transitional Era' and 'Industrial Era' based on historical events significantly influenced the changes of value system of Korean people or Korean society. In this study, not only main values and right people for society but also the way of changing value system in those periods were suggested by investigating factors of politics, economy and society. The results are as follows : First, main values and right people for society on each period were as follows : In Transitional Era, main values were manners and social norms, and right people for this period were practical intellectuals pursuing the principle of action-oriented truth-and- knowledge-seeking. In Industrial Era, on the other hand, main values were sincerity, diligence, self-help and collaboration, and right people for this period were skilled man having occupational ability which was essential for economic development. Second, lasting value in Transitional Era and Industrial Era was patriotism. The patriotism in early Transitional Era was appealed to nation and people because of the collapse of ruling system and the absence of leaders, however, the patriotism changed to loyalty towards a national leader or seniors after the formation of new ruling system by building nation and electing a leader. On the other hand, the patriotism of Industrial Era was distinctly defined purpose for carrying out national economic policy and overwhelming Democratic People's Republic of Korea with anti-communist spirit and unification will.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.11 no.2 s.30
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• pp.37-56
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine the changing process of the collective housing in Korea; focusing on the alteration process of the apartment housing, which became a representative housing type in Korea, nowadays. The alteration process of the apartment housing in Korea can be divided into three stages: the introduction stage, the trial stage and the settled stage. The introduction stage is the period between 1920, when the collective-housing buildings were constructed in Korea for the first time, and the Liberation of Korea(1945). The trial stage is the period between 1945 and 1975. During this period, common housing has been constructed. And the massive apartment buildings were started to be supplied after 1975. The settled stage is the period between 1975 and the present. The main scope of this study will be the introduction and trial stages, since a lot of in-depth studies have been executed on the settled stage. The history of the collective housing of Korea starts with City Housing of Seoul, in 1921. It is guessed that this housing was to be small-sized and row-housing type. The first-built, apartment-type building, in Korea, was Mikuni Apartment House, which was constructed as a boarding room of Mikuni Company. In the introduction stage, apartment buildings were built by Japanese architects, with Japanese housing style. Most of them were planned in dormitory type, and some of them were run as tenant houses. Most of them were constructed by bricks, but sometimes by timbers. Tadami was laid in every room and inside-corridor was located in the middle of the house. Although the major style of the apartment buildings was Japanese, the Korean dwellers of those apartments has been influencing the housing type of them. In the trial stage, apartment housing has been experienced in diverse ways. With the development of building technology, floor heating system was settled in apartment housing. This improved the amenities of apartment dwelling remarkably. Although some heterogeneous characteristics still remained in the apartments of Korea, in terms of housing style, the housing style of apartments has been changed into own style of Korea, in accordance with Korean people's life style. The results of this study give us some good implications regarding contemporary housing plan: First, if the unit size of a collective housing is small, the more space could be available for community activities. Second, when planning of collective housing, more concerns should be payed on surroundings. Third, more attention should be payed about low-rise apartment housing, and more land-friendly planning would be required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1309-1321
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• 2008

Military style is not limited to a single period but represents various image communications related to items, synthetic images and different periodical culture backgrounds. The purpose of this study is to define the communicational function of the military style beginning from the 1st world war up to the modern days, and furthermore explain the characteristics and contents of military styles in different periods by studying the nowadays various symbols of the military style in denotative and connotative aspects. The research method is documentary studies through the literature and academic paper, and examined masters' and doctors' thesis, domestic and overseas books and fashion magazines, photographs and materials collected from the internet. As a result, first, the military style is a significant fashion code in understanding modern fashion by serving as a strong communication function representing people’s ritual through various image items called the 'military look'. Second, the meaning of the image communication through military look changed throughout the different periods. During the 1st and 2nd World war the military look supported Fascism by serving as a media representing extreme patriotism and at the same time social images like functionalism, women liberation, regulation and saving. During the cold war period it was used by young progressives like hippies and punks to send an opposing message towards war and commercialism. Since then up to the 80s it was a medium representing the ‘new role of women’, who possess same social rights and power as the men. However in the 90s the military style had to go through a paradigm transition period. Since this period it got affected by the post modernism and designers, consumers alike adopted military style to create unique beauty It can also be said that it began to be used as a pure fashion code representing intertextuality. It was rather expressed as a metonymy than a metaphor and combined with elegance and feminine factor, which contrasts to the original military concept, it now represents totally new hybrids such as difference, dissemination and varieties.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.47
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• pp.50-73
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• 2009

A tendency to ignore the existence of public space in Korea under the Japanese colonial period seems to be driven from nationalist historiography in which all historical events under the colonial power have to be interpreted in terms of militant controls and resistances against them. Historical approach to mass media of that period has lasted to be saturated with the tendency and forced history students to stick to the nationalist guidelines. Struggles against Japanese imperial power by national-capital-operated newspaper have been a main menu of studies on the period's communication. The media were often hailed as fighting the colonial power for nation's independence. The present thesis aims to criticize the nationalist point of view and to reveal that nationalist interpretations may miss a variety of historical information. Even under the severe surveillance of colonial police some journalists tried either to inform officially or to smuggle into informed groups. The colonized society could experienced fields of public-ness throughout the practices of such as media fields, cultural fields, political fields. Those fields, of course, didn't come from the graceful favor of the colonial power but from the construction of the colonized. The public-ness seemed to be born for the easiness of control, but became later a constructed field of public-ness with which the colonized semiotically wrestled the power and grew a modern type of political (un)consciousness. Depicting what happened just before 815 liberation day in Korea the present paper showed that the less nationalist historiography can render help to those seeking political practices of the colonized in a micro-level.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.81-98
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• 2011

Among the changes of the Curriculum from the liberation to the present, the biggest change in the highschool geography course appeared during the period from the Period of Syllabus to the 1st National Curriculum. More specifically, during the 1st National Curriculum the highschool geography course which previously had three subjects, 'Natural Environment and Human Lives', 'Human Geography', 'Economic Geography' was reduced to one subject, 'Human Geography.' In addition, while some contents related with astronomy, geology, and biology had been contained in the physiography course, they were left out from the human geography course of the 1st National Curriculum. This reduction of the geography course was related to the context that earth science was newly established in the 1st National Curriculum. Originally the draft plan released in June, 1953, which was 10 months before the formal time allotment criteria list had been made public, contained 'Physical Geography' instead of 'Earth Science'. What is sorry is that the name of 'Physical Geography' did not remain and was changed to 'Earth Science'. The underlying causes of the crisis the geography education is now facing are the reduction of Physical Geography and the emergence of 'Earth Science' during the 1st National Curriculum. To overcome the present crisis, the subject of geography should be changed more meaningful one based on the comprehensive perspective and academic product that geography has accumulated.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 2021

This study investigated the actual state and transformation of the major garden ornaments in Changdeokgung Palace(昌德宮) in the modern and contemporary period, focusing on Nakseonjae(樂善齋), Juhamnu(宙合樓), Jondeokjeong(尊德亭), and Daebodanji (大報壇址). This study can be used as useful data for establishing the restoration and maintenance plan of the garden ornaments in Changdeokgung Palace, and the main results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, according to a photo taken by the Czech Vráz, in 1901, a total of six garden ornaments, including a stone pond and odd-shaped stones, were located in the backyard of Nakseonjae. Since liberation, arbitrary relocation of garden ornaments has frequently occurred, and in the process, two odd-shaped stones, originally located on the first floor of the terraced flower bed, have been transferred to the backyard of Gyeonghungak(景薰閣). Second, unlike the late Joseon Dynasty when 「Donggwoldo(東闕圖)」 was produced, odd-shaped stones were arranged symmetrically in the backyard of Juhamnu in the early 1900s. It was a traditional style garden ornament with similar appearance, size, and design. However, all the odd-shaped stones in the backyard of Juhaumnu were relocated to other places in the 1970s and 1980s. One is located at the rear of Aeryeonjeong(愛蓮亭) through the entrance of Bingcheon(氷泉) and the vicinity of Geumcheongyo(錦川橋), and the other remains in front of the Yeongyeongdang Jangnakmun(演慶堂 長樂門). Third, among the garden ornaments located in the area of Jondeokjeong in the past, one odd-shaped stone is now relocated around the stone bridge near the pavilion and the Yeonghwadang(暎花堂) with its components separated. The bondstone near Yeonghwadang was relocated in 1990 for the purpose of installing an imitation of Angbuilgu(仰釜日晷). Another odd-shaped stone has been relocated to the front door of the Secret Garden(後苑), and now it is difficult to grasp the location. Fourth, the two bondstones remaining in the Daebodanji were actually building materials that were used as the foundation stone for the entrance pillars of the Yi Royal Office Building(李王職廳舍) during the Japanese colonial period. After liberation, the Yi Royal Office Building was reorganized into Imperial Estate Administration Office(皇室財産事務總局), and when the office building was burned down in 1960, the stone statues and foundation stones placed on the stylobate were relocated to the Daebodanji. The bondstone at Daebodanji is a representative example of construction materiasl being mistaken for gaeden ornaments.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.63
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• pp.317-345
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• 2020

The dissolution and reconstruction of the male-centered social structure is being requested, but the Korean church still call on women and understand women's roles by limiting them based on traditional 'normal family ideology' and matherhood discourse. However, considering women's various aspects of life, life cycle, and individuality, confining women to existing biological maternal discourse is not suitable to help women grow as subjective leaders and contribute to society. The Korean church needs to find a new curriculum that encourages women to form subjective beliefs. In the life of Christian women of the period of port-opening, we can examine the process of the Korean Christian women establishing the subjectivity of the challenges of Protestant theology, which included stereotypes, gender division of labor, and matherhood discourse. Korean Christian women shared the oppressive experiences of traditional patriarchy after passing silent and receptive perceptions, forming a subjective perception of their injustice and seeking liberation. And it was able to act as a subject of faith by forming a procedural and constructive awareness within a sympathetic and relational community. The Korean church should reconstruct the Christian women's curriculum by reflecting on the curriculum that women formed themselves over 100 years ago.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.52
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• pp.223-251
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• 2018

This paper comparatively considered how Korea and Japan address the concept of 'postwar' in descriptions of their literary history. In Japan, 'postwar' refers to the period after World War II (Asia-Pacific War). This word implies a variety of contexts such as collapse, poverty, confusion, calendar reform, reconstruction and restoration as well as a series of historical events such as war, war defeat, and American occupation; and so it has been treated in Japanese society a significant period. In the history of Korean literature, it is after national liberation that the word 'postwar' appeared; however, it has usually indicated 'the period after the Korean War.' The question is that although the term of postwar refers to periods after different wars, Koreans used the term of postwar also in the same way as Japan, and their concept of postwar overlaps with the concept of prewar or postwar used in Japan, and accordingly, side effects are produced that fail to grasp properly the independent characteristics and significance of the Korean War. In conclusion, the Korean War brought about contrasting effects on the history of Korean and Japanese literature. While the Korean War meant a start after the war in Korean literature, it became a turning point marking the end of postwar in Japanese literature. Such different perceptions on postwar also have major implications in that perceptions represent postwar discourses in today's Korea and Japan.

• Journal of Korean Theatre Studies Association
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• no.40
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• pp.345-400
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• 2010

Konstantin S. Stanislawski(1863-1938) is one of the great acting-teachers and directors. Especially his 'System' influences this day like his period so many actors and directors in the world. In Korea, Stanislawski was introduced at first in 1920's by Kim, Woojin, dramatist. After that time, his system was influenced fast everyone in the korean drama world. As a result, so many translations of his books and researches of his system are done until nowadays, but it is not perfect for the correct understanding of Stanislawski and his system. It seems to be several causes in this misunderstanding. And the purpose of this thesis is at first to observe historically the results of researches and translations on Stanislawski and his system in Korea and then to bring it in order according to characteristics. In this thesis are the process of reception observed dividing 4 periods. The first period is from the beginning to the liberation in 1945. The second is to 1980's and the next is to the year 2000. And the final period is from that time to the present time. As a result are several characteristics found as followings: 1) translations of Stanislawski's first book like other books, for example, Building a Character and Creating a Role, an Actor Prepares, are fast all secondhand translations, that means, man translated it not from russian direct but japanese or english. It caused man to misusing of terms and then misunderstanding on the system. 2) the researches on Stanislawski in are fast all concentrated on the book, an Actor Prepares, so this leads man to regard it as his whole acting system. On the other hand, thesisses which deal with his last and final acting technique, "the Method of the physical Action" are relatively not so much. As though man knows the last, man used to think that the system is developed systematically from the psychological technique to the physical action or the method of the physical action is only the way to understand of stanislawski's acting method. The psychological method and the physical are not the divided, different acting technique, but pairs which are applied to different objects, that is, the actor himself and the role in texts. 3) the political aspects are not considered especially under the situation of Stalin's social realism. This lack of the political context having relation with the system acts as a obstacle upon understanding the correct, whole his system. But so many thesises on this theme in other countries are so vivacious. For example, man can find subjects like "Stanislawski and Meyerhold", "means of Stanislawski's method for theatres in the social context". There are also many interesting Questions related to the physical action. That is, is the physical action the final acting technique or the materialistic dialectical device to survive under the Stalin's rule? Is there some interrelations between stanislawski's physical action and Meyerhold's biomechanics? In conclusion, the researches on Stanislwski and his system are not enough to understand correctly and overcome the system. We have to start the research again at least from the direct translation his books written russian in order to apply it in a new times.