• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.10-16
• /
• 2002

In replicated field trials, the efficacy of pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB; quintozene) for control of damping-off of ginseng seedlings was found to be affected by timing of application and formulation. Application at the time of seeding and prior to placement of straw mulch was found to provide the moat consistent level of disease control. However, decline in plant stand during the four-year production cycle resulted in most treatments providing similar levels of plant populations at harvest. Soil residues of pentachloronitrobenzene were generally highest (1 $\mu\textrm{g}$ PCNB/g soil) in those treatments that exhibited the highest levels of disease control in the seedling year. Straw contained high levels of quintozene after application. Beet seed assays with artificially-infested soils indicated that current use rates provide an amount of product suitable for high levels of disease control.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2003

In this work, the present concentration levels of total gaseous mercury (TGM) are compared among three East Asian countries, Korea, China, and Japan. Comparison of Hg distribution patterns was made by selecting representative figures for each type of land use among those three countries. The results of the analysis indicate that Hg concentrations within a country can fall into a wide range due probably to the diversity of source processes. It is seen that the urban areas of China and Japan generally exhibit large spatial variability with notably high Hg levels (above 10 ng m$^{-3}$), compared to their Korean counterparts. Although the presence of high Hg levels in Chinese locations can be accounted for by the major man-made source processes (e.g., the use of coal), the causes of unexpectedly high Hg data in Japanese sites appear to be rather complicated. The Hg concentration levels in relatively remote locations however show much reduced values, above 3 ng m$^{-3}$, which is still higher than the typical background concentrations of 1 to 2 ng m$^{-3}$ in Europe or America. Considering that the presence of unusually high Hg levels in urban areas of Asia is the consequence of man-made activities, the prevalence of excessively high Hg values in certain regions of the Asian continent needs further research to accurately assess the fundamental picture of Hg geochemistry in the East Asia.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.50 no.3
• /
• pp.333-348
• /
• 2020

Purpose: The present study investigated the association between nurse staffing and health outcomes among psychiatric inpatients in Korea by assessing National Health Insurance claims data. Methods: The dataset included 70,136 patients aged 19 years who were inpatients in psychiatric wards for at least two days in 2016 and treated for mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol; schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders; and mood disorders across 453 hospitals. Nurse staffing levels were measured in three ways: registered nurse-to-inpatient ratio, registered nurse-to-adjusted inpatient ratio, and nursing staff-to-adjusted inpatient ratio. Patient outcomes included length of stay, readmission within 30 days, psychiatric emergency treatment, use of injected psycholeptics for chemical restraint, and hypnotics use. Relationships between nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes were analyzed considering both patient and system characteristics using multilevel modeling. Results: Multilevel analyses revealed that more inpatients per registered nurse, adjusted inpatients per registered nurse, and adjusted inpatients per nursing staff were associated with longer lengths of stay as well as a higher risk of readmission. More adjusted inpatients per registered nurse and adjusted inpatients per nursing staff were also associated with increased hypnotics use but a lower risk of psychiatric emergency treatment. Nurse staffing levels were not significantly associated with the use of injected psycholeptics for chemical restraint. Conclusion: Lower nurse staffing levels are associated with negative health outcomes of psychiatric inpatients. Policies for improving nurse staffing toward an optimal level should be enacted to facilitate better outcomes for psychiatric inpatients in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.199-206
• /
• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to identify the impact of physical activity on healthcare utilization among Korean adults. Methods: Drawing from the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES IV-2), data from 6,521 adults who completed the Health Interview and Health Behavior Surveys were analyzed. Association between physical activity and healthcare utilization was tested using the $X^2$-test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios of using outpatient and inpatient healthcare for different levels of physical activity after adjusting for predisposing, enabling, and need factors. A generalized linear model applying a negative binomial distribution was used to determine how the level of physical activity was related to use of outpatient and inpatient healthcare. Results: Physically active participants were 16% less likely to use outpatient healthcare (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74-0.97) and 23% less likely to use inpatient healthcare (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.63-0.93) than physically inactive participants. Levels of outpatient and inpatient healthcare use decreased as levels of physical activity increased, after adjusting for relevant factors. Conclusion: An independent association between being physically active and lower healthcare utilization was ascertained among Korean adults indicating a need to develop nursing intervention programs that encourage regular physical activity.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.19-34
• /
• 2012

This study investigated the differences in time use patterns and psychological states across daily activity contexts and interpersonal contexts, depending on the levels of school maladjustment among elementary school students. Using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), 107 elementary school 6th grade students' daily time use patterns and psychological states across daily contexts were measured six times a day over a period of 4 days. Using the school maladjustment scale, an internal problem based school maladjusted group and an external problem based school maladjusted group were identified and selected. The daily time use patterns and psychological states of both school maladjusted groups were compared to those of the adjusted groups. The principle findings are as follows: first, the school maladjusted group students' daily time use patterns across daily activity contexts or interpersonal contexts did not differ from those of the students from the school adjusted group. Second, the school maladjusted group students experienced more negative emotions, lower concentration levels, and lower motivation levels across daily contexts than the school adjusted group students. These differences in motivation between the external problem school maladjusted group and adjusted group, however, were greater in the schoolwork context compared to the other daily activity contexts. The findings were discussed in the contexts of the daily experiences of child school maladjustment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.60 no.12
• /
• pp.385-389
• /
• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to assess whether different anesthetic techniques and oxytocin use applied during delivery affect transcutaneous bilirubin levels during the first 24 hours in neonates. Methods: A total of 1,044 neonates delivered by either caesarian section (C/S) or normal vaginal delivery (NVD) were included in the study. They were classified into 5 groups as follows: group 1: born by C/S using general anesthesia, group 2: C/S using spinal anaesthesia, group 3: C/S using general anesthesia after failed spinal block, group 4: by NVD without anesthesia, and group 5: oxytocin-induced vaginal delivery without anesthesia. Transcutaneous total bilirubin levels (TBLs) were measured during the first 24 hours and on the fifth and eighth days of life and the levels in different groups were compared. Results: The TBLs were significantly higher in neonates delivered by C/S using general anesthesia rather than spinal anesthesia (P<0.001), and both groups had higher levels than those born by NVD without anesthesia ($P{\leq}0.001$). However, the group receiving general anesthesia after failed spinal block was found to have the highest bilirubin level. Moreover, TBLs were significantly higher with the use of oxytocin ($P{\leq}0.001$). Conclusions: C/S and general anesthesia adversely affect the bilirubin levels in neonates, and the use of oxytocin during vaginal delivery also increases TBLs in neonates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.23-33
• /
• 2008

Purpose: Internet is one of the essential tools in South Korean adolescent life. Recently, researchers suggest that Internet use is positively associated with teens' mental health problems such as depression and suicide. Thus, this study explored a relationship between Internet use and suicide ideation among South Korean adolescents. Methods:　Secondary data, the three-wave Korean Youth Panel Survey, were analyzed. First, in terms of the levels of Internet use and suicidal ideation, t-test was used for examining a gender difference, and Analysis of Variance were used for examining differences across three points in time(waves 2 - 4). Second, logistic analysis was performed to examine the significant association between Internet use and suicide ideation after controlling for the other factors' effects. In this analysis, Fixed Effect Regression Method(FERM) was incorporated as well. FERM was useful in adjusting for the effects of time-invariant factors even without measuring them. As a result, it was possible to obtain more accurate findings. Results: Adolescent depression was an important factor influencing the association between Internet use and suicide ideation. After controlling for the effect of depression, the relationship between Internet use and suicide ideation was no longer statistically significant. Conclusion:　As a proxy to identify teens who are obsessed with suicide ideation, levels of Internet use do not seem useful. Instead, it is necessary to examine teens' access to websites related to suicide.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.378-392
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the depth of earth science teachers' concern over the 7th Science Curriculum and levels of their use of it in reality, using the tools "Concern" and "Levels of use" which are two important tools use in CBAM. The results of the study are as follows. How much concern do the earth science teachers have over the 7th Science Curriculum? There are seven stages (from 0 stage to 6 stage) of teachers' concern over the curriculum. o stage represents teachers' indifference to the curriculum and 98% teachers are placed in this stage. According to the study on teachers' teaching experience, teachers having from 10 to 14 years of teaching experience are the most indifferent to the 7th Science Curriculum, compared to other teachers. Which levels of use of the 7th science curriculum do earth science teachers choose in reality? There are five levels of use (from 1 to 5) of the 7th curriculum. 43.97% of teachers are placed in the 3rd level called "Mechanical level", which represents a teacher-concerned learning method with consideration of learners' response. According to the study on teachers' frequency of level of use in the fields of "Instruction objects, Instruction contents, Instruction methods, Instruction materials and Evaluation.", teachers chose high levels of use in the fields of "Instruction objects and Instruction contents" and low levels of use in the other three fields. What factors are barriers for earth science teachers to perform the 7th Science Curriculum in reality? 80.9% of teachers have trouble performing the 7th Science Curriculum in reality because of too much routine work, official papers, and lack of instructional materials, laboratories, training systems and workshops. The two biggest barriers among the above are routine work and of official papers. According to the study on teachers' teaching experience, teachers having from 0 to years of teaching experience have the most trouble in performing the curriculum in reality, compared to other teachers.

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2015

This study examined whether game usage would alleviate players' aggressive tendencies. Other game-related variables, psychological care factors (adaptive game use tendency, game self-efficacy, and life self-efficacy), and psychological problem factors (loneliness and depression) were controlled for determination of the effect. We drew on the catharsis theory from therapeutic psychology literature to explain how game usage contributes to the alleviation of aggressive tendencies. Over two weeks data were collected from 918 participants online. The results indicated that gaming activity had a significant effect on aggression. Higher levels of game and life self-efficacy, as well as adaptive game use tendencies, decreased the degree of aggression. Likewise, higher levels of loneliness and depression reduced the degree of aggression. Results and implications are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.47-60
• /
• 2002

Recently, the range of using Internet in business is expanding rapidly. And through Internet, companies are strengthening both their internal efficiency and their external competitive advantage in the market. In recent years, building and managing companies' web sites are becoming unavoidable tasks in business. Such a trend is becoming more imperative in business over the world. There is a great deal of research in progress to study the cases of companies with increasing performance from the use of their Internet web sites. But it is considered that there has not been enough of study in the area of levels of Internet application in business especially in strategic areas and application levels among countries. This research is in the same line of the research that was carried out on such topics in 1999. study in 1999 showed that there are significant differences in the usage levels of Internet in business between countries with long history of using Internet and those who are not. The 1999 study also suggested the model on development stages of Internet usage in business. This study is the continuation of the 1999 research and used two years of data to compare and analyze the trend of the Internet development stages in leading corporations in Korea, U.S.A., and Japan. This study found that there have been significant developments in the ability to use Internet in business in three countries. The differences in Internet usage level in each stage among different countries are compared and analyzed in this study.