• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to utilize Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) to analyze intracerebral regional distributions (hot spot) of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases which were characterized by stenosis and occlusion cerebral vasculature, except for cerebrovascular diseases induced by rupture of cerebral vasculature in terms of Korean people's cerebrovascular diseases, so that it could apply the findings of analysis to clinical practices. This study focused only on analyzing intracerebral regional distributions of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases that are characterized by stenosis and occlusion cerebral vasculature, because there are different etiologic mechanisms of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases like hemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases (caused by rupture of cerebral vasculature) and cerebral infarction (induced by atheromatous arteriosclerosis). As a result, this study could come to the following findings of analysis: 1. According to sex ratio analysis, it was found that male group comprised larger portion of total 626 subjects in this study than female one (55.0% > 45.0%). 2. According to analysis on actual intracerebral regional distributions of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, it was found that most subjects (37.5 %) were attacked by such diseases on the right side of cerebral vasculature, which was followed by left side of cerebral vasculature (35.1%) and bilateral cerebral vasculature (27.3%) respectively. 3. According to analysis on actual intracerebral regional distributions of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, it was found that internal carotid artery (ICA) comprised the largest portion (38.9%) of those distributions, which was followed by middle cerebral artery (MCA, 35.7%), posterior cerebral artery (PCA, 13.4%), anterior cerebral artery (ACA, 6.0%) and vertebral artery (VA, 3.3%) respectively. 4. It was found that there was no subject attacked by any disease on A-com region, and there was only one male subject attacked by cerebrovascular diseases on P-com region. 5. It was found that female group was more susceptible to the attack of cerebrovascular diseases on MCA region than male one (54.6% > 42.2%), which means significant differences depending upon sex on statistical basis ($x^2$ = 9.64, p < .01). 6. It was found that male group was more susceptible to the attack of cerebrovascular diseases on ICA region (56.4% > 46.8%), which means significant differences depending upon sex on statistical basis ($x^2$ = 5.71, p < .05). 7. Moreover, it was also found that male group was more susceptible to the attack of cerebrovascular diseases on BA region (2.3% > 0.4%), which means significant differences depending upon sex on statistical basis ($x^2$ = 4.25, p < .05). 8. However, it was found that there was not any significant difference in intracerebral vasculature-specific distributions of cerebrovascular diseases depending on age of subjects, and stenosis comprised larger portion of cerebrovascular diseases than occlusion.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.531-541
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• 2014

This research investigated the reproduction cycle, litter size, and the effects of factors of red-tongue viper snake inhabiting in Jeju Island, to delve into their life strategy. Field survey was conducted in Jeju Island from May 2006 to November 2008. Reproduction cycle was analyzed through measurements of testis and follicle sizes in laboratory from March 2009 to December 2010. According to the research results, the sizes of red-tongue viper snake's testis and follicle clearly changed seasonally. The number of eggs within the oviduct were greater on the right side ($2.6{\pm}1.0$ eggs, n=16) than on the left side ($1.8{\pm}0.5$ eggs, n=16) (t=-2,721, p<0.05). Average (${\pm}SD$) of survival litter size (SLS) was $4.4{\pm}1.7$ (1~9, range), while total litter size (TLS) was $4.7{\pm}1.5$ (3~9, range), which were not statistically significant. However, their litter sizes were similar to the number of eggs within the oviduct (t=0.039, P>0.05). Relative litter mass (RCM) was $0.42{\pm}0.13$ (0.18~0.79, n=33), and tended to increase, as maternal condition of pre-parturition (MCPPI) was getting better. The sexual ratio of delivered litters showed no significant difference between male and female red-tongue viper snakes (♂:♀ = 1.15:1, n=73 ; ${\chi}^2$=0.342, P>0.5). Average neonate mass showed a weak correlation with maternal mass of pre-parturition (MMPP1) (r=0.387, P<0.05, n=33). Average neonate Snout-vent length (SVL) also demonstrated a weak correlations with maternal SVL (r=0.399, P<0.05, n=33) and MMPP1 (r=0.344, P<0.05, n=33). Average neonate mass and maternal SVL approached significant probability (r=0.323, P=0.067, n=33). This indicates that mother snakes can bear bigger litter due to its larger size. In some cases, litter's weight decreases as mother snakes are bearing more litter; however, the red-tongued viper snake did not show such exchange relationship. From this, it can be conjectured that a red-tongued viper snake has peculiarity of its own species. The research results are predicted to be used as the basis to find a life history of red-tongued viper snake.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.700-708
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• 1993

Background: Lung cancer has become one of the most common cancers in Korea. It is important to determine the accurate histologic types and stages because of different therapeutic modlaity, especially in small cell carcinoma. This study was designed to evaluate diagnostic yields according to variable diagnostic methods in lung cancer. Methods: The records of 683 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of primary lung cancer during the period of 7 years, from January, 1986 until December, 1992 at Presbyterian Medical Center were analyzed retrospectively. Results: 1) Age and sex distributions Male: female sex ratio was 5.57:1 and age distributions were 7th decade 41.4%, 6th decade 30.2%, 8th decade 17.0%, 5th decade 7.9%, 4th decade 2.5%, 9th decade 1.3%, and 3rd decade 0.2% in decreasing order. 2) The frequencies according to histologic cell types were squamous cell carcinoma 44.7%, small cell carcinoma 23.9%, adenocarcinoma 22.8%, alveolar cell carcinoma 2.5%, large cell carcinoma 1.2%. mixed forms 1.2%, undifferenciated cell carcinoma 0.6% and malignant fibrous histiocytoma 0.2%(1 case) in decreasing order. 3) The most common locations of lung cancer were in left upper lobe and right lower lobe, and no differences of diagnostic methods according to locations were noted. 4) In central lesions, bronchoscopic examination was very accurate and frequently used diagnostic method, and in peripheral lesions, transthoracic lung biopsy(TTLB) was apparent1y accurate method. 5) The diagnostic yields of bronchoscopic biopsy, bronchial brushing, sputum cytology, transthoracic lung biopsy and transbronchial lung biopsy(TBLB) were 81.3%, 57.5%, 31.1%, 69.6% and 61.6%, respectively. 6) The concordance rates between the histologic diagnosis with bronchial brushing and sputum-cytology were 91.3% and 98.4%, respectively. 7) It was appropriate in lung cancer to repeat sputum cytology 3 to 5 times. Conclusion: Bronchoscopic examination is important to determine the histologic cell types in lung cancer. In addition, we should be interrested in improving diagnostic yields of sputum cytology as an easy method.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.949-965
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• 1996

The main goal of periodontal therapy is to restore the lost periodontal tissue and establish the attachment appratus. Current acceptable therapeutic techniques are included : removal of diseased soft tissue, demineralization of exposed root surface, using the barrier membrane for preventing the downgrowth of gingival epithelial cell, insertion of graft materials as a scaffolding action, and biological mediators for promoting the cell activity. The latest concept one among them has been studied which based on the knowledge of cellular biology of destructed tissue. Platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) is one of the polypeptide growth factor which have been reported as a biological mediator to regulate activities of wound healing progress including cell proliferation, migration, and metabolism. The purposes of this study is to evaluate the influences of the PDGF as biological mediator to periodontal ligament and bone marrow cell. Both right and left maxillary first molar were extracted from rat which had treated with 0.4% ${\beta}-Aminopropionitril$ for 5 days, and feeded until designed date to sacrifice under anesthesisa. Periodontal ligament were removed from the extracted socket of the rat, and cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium(DMEM) contained with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100U/ml penicillin, $100{\mu}g/ml$ streptomycin, $0.5{\mu}g/ml$ amphotericin-B. Bone marrow cell were culture from bone marrow suspension with which washed out from femur with same medium. The study was performed to evaluate the effect of PDGF to periodontal ligament and bone cell, cell proliferation rate, total protein synthesis, and alkaline phosphatase activity of rat periodontal ligament(PDL) cell and bone stromal(RBS) cell in vitro. The effects of growth factors on both cells were measured at 3, 5th day after cell culture with (control group) or without growth factors(experimental group). The results were as follows: 1. The tendency of cell proliferation under the influence of PDGF showed more rapid proliferation pattern than control at 3 and 5 days after inoculation. 2. The activity of Alkaline phosphatase revealed 14, 80% increased respectively at 3, 5 days culture than control group. Measurements of ALPase levels indicated that PDL cells had significantly higher activity when compared with that of co-culture groups and GF only(P<0.05). And, ALPase activity in 10 days was higher than that of 7 days(P<0.05). 3. The tendency of formation of the mineralized nodule were observed dose-depend pattern of PDL cells. There was statistically significant difference among group l(PDL 100%), 2(PDL 70%:GF 30%), and 3(PDL 50%:GF 50%)(P<0.01). But, there was no difference among group 3, 4(PDL 30%:GF 70%), and 5(GF 100%). 4. Also, the number of nodule was greater in co-culture of PDL 70% and GF 30% than in culture of PDL 70%(P<0.05). From the above results, it is assumed that the PDGF on PDL cells and RMB cell culture. GF stimulates the cell growth, which is not that of PDL cells but GF. And, the activity of ALPase depends on the ratio of PDL cells, and ALPase may relate to the initial phase of nodule formation. Also, it is thought that the calcified nodule formation principally depends on PDL cells, is inhibited by GF, and affected by cell density. In conclusion, platelet-derived growth factor can promote rapid osteogenesis during early stage of periodontal tissue regeneration.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.484-492
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• 2001

Background : Pulmonary tuberculosis with a remaining cavitary lesion is considered to be a problem with the course of treatment. In particular, re-treatment cases tend to respond poorly to current anti-tuberculosis agents. Therefore the factors that are related with the poor closure of a cavitary lesion in pulmonary tuberculosis during treatment were evaluated. Methods : A retrospective review of the medical records and chest X -ray films of 68 patients who had chemotherapy for the pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitary lesions was made. All the patients had been followed up for more than 12 months at National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital as of Aug. 2000. Results : The male to female ratio was 3.9:1.72.4% of the patients were between 20 to 50 years of age. 66.2% of the cavitary lesions on the chest X-ray films were confined to the upper lung fields : 36.8% in the right upper lung field and 29.4% in the left upper lung field. 82.4% of the cavities were less than 40 mm in their size, and 83.8% were less than 6 mm thick. The cavitary lesions were closed in 48 cases and remained in 20 cases during a follow-up period of more than 12 months. The factors that are thought to affect to the outcomes of the cavities were age, past medication history, the number of unused drugs, and the number of sensitive drugs. Conclusion : In the treatment courses of pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitary lesions, the following factors are associated with less desirable outcome:an age over 45, a past medication history of more than 2 courses of treatment, The number of unused drugs not exceeding average 6 and the number of sensitive drugs not exceeding average 7.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2023

In this study, the following conclusions were drawn by analyzing the size, proportion, shape, angle, distribution, etc. of stones in order to identify the principles of facade molding of stonework of the 5th to 7th centuries of the Silla Dynasty. First, the uniformity of the size of the stones of the stone foundations of the Silla Dynasty was low at -0.8 to 4.1. This means that stones of various sizes were used, from small stones to large stones. In addition, the distribution of large stones in stonework of the Silla Dynasty appeared evenly regardless of height. This was common in the stonework of the Silla Dynasty, regardless of structural classification such as wells and mountain fortresses. It is thought that the Silla people did not only pursue practicality and efficiency in stone construction, but also considered design elements. Second, the proportional deviation of the stones of the stone walls of the Silla Dynasty was high, ranging from 0.861 to 1.515. This means that the stonework of the Silla Dynasty did not use only long flagstone-shaped stones, but used a mixture of long and short stones. Third, the shape average of the stones of the stonework of the Silla Dynasty was low at 0.45, and the shape deviation was high at the maximum of 0.15. This means that the stones as a whole have irregular shapes, and each stone has a high difference in shape. Fourth, the angle deviation of the stones of the Silla Dynasty was 4.3 to 16.2, and the average angle was 2. This means that the angle of each stone on the stone axis of the Silla Dynasty is tilted to the left and right. Fifth, there was no correlation between stone size, slenderness ratio, shape, and angle in the stone axes of the Silla Dynasty. In the case of stone axes in the Joseon Dynasty, there was a positive correlation between stone size and slenderness, and a negative correlation between stone size and shape. It can be said that the stones of the Joseon Dynasty were relatively standardized, but the Silla Dynasty showed the beauty of moderation by keeping the nature of the material and becoming one with the material.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 1996

Objective : Cavitary lesion in pulmonary tuberculosis sometimes makes problems in the course of treatment. Especially, retreatment cases tend to respond poorly to current antituberculosis agents. So, authors tried to render a guideline for clinical approach toward cavitary lesions in pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods : Retrospective analysis of 33 pulmonary tuberculosis patients with cavitary lesions was made. All the patients had got treatment at National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital from Jan. 1995 to Aug. 1995. Results: The ratio between male and female was 10:1. Age distribution was 69.7% in 3rd and 4th decades. The locations of cavitary lesion were 60.6% in right upper lung field and 36.4% in left upper lung field. In the extent of disease, there were 12 cases(36.4%) in moderate advanced and 21 cases in far advanced. Cavitary lesions were closed in 5 eases and remained in 28 eases. In the cases of closed cavity, it was happened within $10.6{\pm}4.72$ months after they took treatment, the size of cavity was $35.5{\pm}17.1$ in long diameter, $27.0{\pm}12.2$ in short diameter and $4.6{\pm}2.1\;mm$ in wall thickness. In the cases of remained cavity, the size of cavity was $31.9{\pm}12.3$ in long diameter, $21.0{\pm}9.8$ in short diameter and $5.04{\pm}2.0\;mm$ in wall thickness. In terms of negative conversion, it took $3.8{\pm}2.17$ months in the case of closed cavity but it was happened within 5 months for only 4 patients in the case of remained cavity. In the point of past medication history, there was none in closed cavities but there were none in 1 case, once in 3 cases, two times in 9 cases and more than three times in 13 cases among remained cavitary lesions. Conclusion : In the retreatment cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitary lesions, they tend to respond poorly to current antituberculosis agents. So, if the lesions are localized, operative intervention may be a proper method as adjunctive treatment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.136-145
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic slovents and noise on hearing loss. We selected organic solvents exposed group of 32 cases, noise exposed group of 31 cases, both noise and solvent exposed group of 31 cases, and control group of 53 cases and studied the relation between exposure level of noise and organic solvents and degree of hearing loss. The results were as follows. The subjects under investigation were exposed to noise and organic solvents under threshold limit values and the amount of urinary hippuric acid excretion were also under biological exposure indices. In case of noise, both noise and organic solvents exposed group and noise exposed group were more exposed than organic solvents exposed group(p<0.05). When urinary hippuric acid excretion were concerned, both noise iud organic solvents exposed group and organic solvents exposed group showed higher values than noise exposed group(p<0.05). In comparison of mean auditory threshold values by frequency, on the air conduction test, both noise and organic solvents exposed group showed significantly higher hearing loss than noise exposed group in 500Hz of right ear, 500 and 2000Hz of left ear(p<0.05). Forty-three cases among 147 subjects were regarded as hearing loss group and average age(42.6years) of hearing loss group was higher than normal groups average age of 38.0 years. Urinary hippuric acid excretions of hearing loss group were significantly higher than normal group(p<0.05). Thirty-eight percent(12cases) of noise exposed group, 40.6 $\%$(13cases) of organic solvents exposed group, 51.6 $\%$(16cases) of both noise and organic solvents exposed group, and 3.8 $\%$(2cases) of unexposed group were regarded as hearing losers. Exposed groups showed higher incidence of hearing loss than unexposed group but there were no significant differences among the exposed groups. The variables showing significant correlation with hearing loss were age and the amount of hippuric acid in urinary excretion. When age were adjusted for the purpose of seeing the effects of hearing losses due to organic solvent, urinary excretion of hippuric acids was the only variable with significant correlation with hearing loss (p<0.05). When odds ratio to hearing loss between control and exposed groups was considered, noise exposed group showed 6.1 times (95 $\%$ CI: 3.3-8.7), organic solvents exposed group showed 7.4 times (95 $\%$ CI: 3.5-14.6) and both noise and organic solvents exposed group showed 17.2 times(95% CI: 5.6-31.8) higher values than unexposed group(p<0.01). Above results suggest that health screening test of hearing loss is also needed in organic solvents exposed workers.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1134-1140
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• 2002

Purpose : Childhood accidents have been increasing recently. Accidents rank as the leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity. We performed this study to evaluate the causes of childhood accidents. Methods : The authors analysed retrospectively the medical records of 6,410 cases of childhood accidental injuries who visited the emergency room of Asan Medical Center from January 1990 to December 1999. Results : The most common type of accidents was trauma which accounted for 5,038 cases of the total accidents, followed by falls, burns, foreign body aspiration, and poisoning. The most common age of foreign body aspiration was under two years old and the male to female ratio was 2 to 1. The most common site of foreign body aspiration was the esophagus and the stomach, followed by the respiratory tract. In airways, the right and left main bronchus were the most common site for foreign body aspiration and were accompanied by the highest mortality. The most common foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract were coins and peanuts, respectively. Conclusion : The most common cause of accidents was trauma, followed by falls, burns, foreign body aspiration, and poisoning. The incidence of foreign body aspiration and poisoning is increasing in infants. In cases of foreign bodies in airways, proper management is needed because of the high mortality rate.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.624-631
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• 1994

Background: Genus of Aspergilli are ubiquitous saprophytic molds in nature, but its change from a saprophytic fungus to a pathogenic organism has occurred since the use of various antibiotics. The fungus affects the chronically ill and debilitated population. Recently frequency of the fungal infection is increasing in Korea with abuse of antibiotics and glucocorticoids. Method: We analyzed medical records of 52 patients with pulmonary aspergillosis seen at Hanyang University Hospital from 1980 to 1994. The results were as follows; Results: 1) Ages ranged between second to eighth decades with majority(50%) in the fourth to fifth decades. The male to female ratio was 1.1:1. 2) Hemoptysis and productive cough, the leading symptoms, occurred in 42.3% and 25% respectively. 3) On chest X-ray fingings, the characteristic "fungus ball" pattern were observed in 53.8% of the 52cases. 4) Sputum culture for aspergilli were positive in 21.6% of the cases. We performed fine needle aspiration in 22 patients and the diagnostic yield was 100%. 5) Thirty-six patients had history of treatment with antituberculous drugs under diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis for an average of 27.3 months. But sputum analysis for acid-fast bacilli were positive in 5.6%(2cases of 36cases), and postoperative pathologic findings showed that 38.9%(12 cases of 28cases) were combined with tuberculosis. 6) Right upper and left upper lobes were predominantly involved(34.6% and 19.2% respectively) and lobectomies were performed in 21 cases. 7) Underlying diseases were present in 47 cases and 48.9% of them were pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: These results showed that pulmonary aspergillosis usually develops in patients with open cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. And we must consider the possibility of pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with hemoptysis and cavitary lung lesion.