• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.159-170
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• 1999

Preference of chestnut brown chafer (CBC), Adoretus tenuimaculatus was examined from chestnut leaves which were treated with different light condition, temperature and nitrogen fertilization. More CBC was attracted to leaves which grown at $30^{\circ}C$ than grown at $20^{\circ}C$,$ 25^{\circ}C$ and in the field. When attracted number of CBC was compared among full sunlight-grown, cloth shaded-grown and dark-grown plants, 4.0 in full sunlight grown and 5.0 in dark-grown plants. Amount of nitrogen fertilizer did not influence CBC feeding. The attractiveness of undamaged leaves with non-feeding beetles, leaves with feeding damaged, and leaves with artificial damaged was compared in replicated laboratory trials by placing the treatments in the petri-dish and counted the number of beetles that landed on the plants after 6 hr treatment. The highest number of beetles was attracted to chestnut leaf with feeding damaged ($7.7\pm$0.6) than undamaged leaf with non-feeding beetles ($5.3\pm$0.6) and artificial damaged ($4.3\pm$0.6). Managnese content in the leaves of chestnut grown in shade cloth-grown condition was higher than that in the leaves of chestnut that had been exposed to full sunlight condition and dark condition, and feeding damaged leaf.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determine the larval development of tobacco cutworm, Spdodoptera litura Fabricius, reared on leaves of different leguminous plants of 11 varieties or cultivars, and to measure amount of leaves fed by the larva. Larval duration ranged from 11.5 to 15.7 days depending on different food with the shortest on geomjeongkong-1 and the longest on daek-wangddangkong. Among 6 larval development stages, the 1st instar stages was the longest(3.2~5.0 days) while the 4th instar was the shortest (1.0~1.5 days). In general, amount of leaves consumed was increased with larval age, and consumed from 5 to 74% of total food only during the last instar stage. And female consumed more food than male. While, larval mortality and the sex-ratio seem to have no relation with the amount of food per species.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2009

The changes of feeding pattern and the amount of insecticide penetrated into the leaf were monitored for 420 min after treatment of three concentrations of dinotefuran. At about 30 min after treatment of insecticide, the overall feeding pattern in EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph) monitoring was started to change, and there was significant difference in proportions of NP (non-penetration), PA (pathway activity), and phloem-feeding patterns among the different concentrations of dinotefuran treatment. Especially, as the amount of insecticide penetrated into a leaf increased, the reactive behaviors against this insecticide such as withdrawal of proboscis and movements of stylet of aphid were more quickly exhibited. And also, total time at which the proboscis of the aphids did not penetrate the plant was getting longer. The amount of dinotefuran penetrated into a leaf was monitored with HPLC. When the recommended concentration (100 mg/L) of the insecticide was treated, 5.24${\sim}$7.24 mg/L of the insecticide was detected from the leaf, and the proboscis of the aphids was apparently withdrawn from the leaf at approximately 60 minutes after treatment of this insecticide.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 1994

Two experiments were made. In experiment 1, four diets containing 0, 5, 15 and 25% washed seaweed meal were prepared to study the effects of incorporating seaweed meal instead of equivalent amounts of berseem leaf meal in fish feeds on growth performance and feed utilization of common carp. The results showed that average daily gain (ADG), specific growth rate (SGR%), dry matter (DM) and ether extract (EE) of the carcasses were decreased (p<0.05) with the increasing level of seaweed meal in the feeds. Inclusion of 5% seaweed meal in the diet gave the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) among all diets, however, protein productive value (PPV) and energy utilization (EU) were decreased (p<0.05) with increasing level of seaweed meal in the diet. In experiment 2, washed seaweed meal was either steam cooked or sprayed with NaOH (0.5% or 1% NaOH) and incorporated in the diets at the level of 25% instead of equivalent amount of berseem leaf meal. The results showed that steam cooked seaweed gave the best (p<0.05) growth performance, FCR and protein efficiency ratios, PER and PPV, for other treatments in descending order were NaOH treated seaweed, washed seaweed and unwashed seaweed.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 2007

This study was conducted to explain degree of injury caused by P. panopealis larva which is the key component to develop economic injury level or control threshold in green perilla and was carried out in polyvinyl houses at Yuseong Daejeon, Geumsan and Yesan Chungnam from 2004 to 2006. Of 5 major pests in green perilla polyvinyl house, P. panopealis larva injured green perilla leaf by 48.5% on average under no insecticides application. The peak occurrence of P. panopealis adult was early August and late September in 2004 and 2005 studies. The feeding amount of P. panopealis larva among 1st to 3rd instar was not different, but from the 4th instar the feeding amount greatly increased and this result was consistent with daily feeding experiment in which the amount greatly increased from seventh day. The degree of injury which was investigated with different larval infestation levels showed that the degree of injury increased a little but was not dim ε rent significantly as the density increased. The density of P. panopealis larva in damaged green perilla plant was less than three individuals/plant. This result indicates that P. panopealis adult lays egg on green perilla leaf dispersedly and larva hatched from egg injures only the leaf which egg is layed. These preliminary data seems to be very useful to design economic injury level and control threshold studies for P. panopealis in green perilla polyvinyl house.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.499-512
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate effects of dried leaf powders, water, 75% and 95% ethanol extracts of persimmon leaf and green tea on lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activity in 12-month-old rats. Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 542$\pm$4.5g were blocked into groups according to their body weight and were raised for four weeks with the diets containing 5%(w/w) dried leaf powders of persimmon(Diospyros kaki Thunb) and green tea(Camellia Sinensis O. Ktze), water or 75% and 95% ethanol extracts from same amount of each dried tea powder. Food intake was not significantly different among all groups, but weight gain of green tea powder group was significantly lower than that of control group. Plasma and liver lipid levels of all the tea diet groups were lower than those of control group. Especially, 75% ethanol extract of persimmon leaf decreased total lipid and triglyceride concentrations in plasma and 95% ethanol extract of persimmon leaf decreased liver total lipid level. However, there was no difference between 75% ethanol extracts groups and 95% ethanol extracts groups in lipid metabolism. Superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase activities in erythrocyte were remarkably increased by all the green tea diets. SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in liver were increased by the feeding of ethanol extracts from green tea and persimmon leaf powder. Liver xanthine oxidase activity was not different among all groups. Plasma Thiobarbirutic acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentrations of all the green tea diet groups were significantly low. It was thought that high flavonoids in green tea inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation by promoting SOD, catalase activities in erythrocyte. 95% ethanol extract of persimmon leaf also inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation by high vitamin E and beta-carotene. Persimmon leaf powder decreased liver TBARS concentration by vitamin E, betacarotene and vitamin C and by increasing activities of antioxidative enzymes with flavonoids. In conclusion, dried leaf powders, water, 75% and 95% ethanol extracts of persimmon leaf and green tea were effective in lowering lipid levels and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in 12-month-old rats. Above all, ethanol extracts of persimmon leaf decreased plasma and liver lipid levels and persimmon leaf powder effectively inhibited liver lipid peroxidation. Extracts of green tea leaf inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation. In lowering lipid levels and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, ethanol extracts were more effective than water extracts, but there was no difference between 75% ethanol extracts and 95% ethanol extracts in lipid metabolism. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 499~512, 2001)

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.20 no.4 s.49
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• pp.207-211
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• 1981

It has been documented that the resistance to planthoppers is attributed to the feeding preference of the insects. This might be related to difference in the amount of feeding plant sap between resistant and susceptible hosts. In this aspect, this study was conducted to verify it and to develop an effective screening method for resistance to planthoppers by tracer technique. An effective P-32 labelling of rice seedlings at $2\~3$ leaf stage was dipping the roots in concentration of $0.1{\mu}Ci/ml$ solution for 48 hours. Radioactivity was significantly higher in planthopers fed on susceptible variety for 48 hours as compared to those fed on resistant variety. Radioactivity of adults was higher than that of nymphs and also higher in female than male. The results were highly correlated to that indicated by the feeding preference of the insects and therefore, considered to be valid for a screening technique.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1702-1710
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• 2017

Objective: The study examined the effect of condensed tannins (CT) containing Ficus infectoria and Psidium guajava leaf meal mixture (LMM) supplementation on nutrient metabolism, methane emission and performance of lambs. Methods: Twenty four lambs of ~6 months age (average body weight $10.1{\pm}0.60kg$) were randomly divided into 4 dietary treatments (CT-0, CT-1, CT-1.5, and CT-2 containing 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 percent CT through LMM, respectively) consisting of 6 lambs each in a completely randomized design. All the lambs were offered a basal diet of wheat straw ad libitum, oat hay (100 g/d) along with required amount of concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirements for a period of 6 months. After 3 months of experimental feeding, a metabolism trial of 6 days duration was conducted on all 24 lambs to determine nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Respiration chamber study was started at the mid of 5th month of experimental feeding trial. Whole energy balance trials were conducted on individual lamb one after the other, in an open circuit respiration calorimeter. Results: Intake of dry matter and organic matter (g/d) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in CT-1.5 than control. Digestibility of various nutrients did not differ irrespective of treatments. Nitrogen retention and microbial nitrogen synthesis (g/d) was significantly (p<0.01) higher in CT-1.5 and CT-2 groups relative to CT-0.Total body weight gain (kg) and average daily gain (g) were significantly (linear, p<0.01) higher in CT-1.5 followed by CT-1 and CT-0, respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) by lambs was significantly (linear, p<0.01) better in CT-1.5 followed by CT-2 and CT-0, respectively. Total wool yield (g; g/d) was linearly (p<0.05) higher for CT-1.5 than CT-0. Methane emission was linearly decreased (p<0.05) in CT groups and reduction was highest (p<0.01) in CT-2 followed by CT-1.5 and CT-1. Methane energy (kcal/d) was linearly decreased (p<0.05) in CT groups. Conclusion: The CT supplementation at 1% to 2% of the diet through Ficus infectoria and Psidium guajava LMM significantly improved nitrogen metabolism, growth performance, wool yield, FCR and reduced methane emission by lambs.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 1979

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of $\alpha$-amylase, added to artificial diet, on the larval growth and on the amount of blood sugar of the silkworm Bombyx mori L.. The artificial diet containing 20% mulberry leaf powder was fed on the 5th instar silkworm. The results obtained were summarized follows: 1. The digestibility in both sexes was increased by feeding artificial diet with $\alpha$-amylase and increase of the digestibility was greater in the female than in the male. 2. Larval body weight was increased in the female but was the male, compared with those in each sex of the control, respectively. 3. There was an increase of the single cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight, as compared with that of the control. 4. It was evident that the artificial diet containing $\alpha$-amylase was more effective than the control, and the effect of the diet was considerable higher in the female than in the male. 5. The amount of the blood sugar on the 7th day of 5th instar was decreased as compared with that of the control.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.82-86
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• 2015

This study was carried out to develop the silkworm rearing technique in unused mulberry leaves after harvesting mulberry fruit. The growth of Gwasang No. 2 and Suhyang was very good compared to control cultivar Chungil in leaves size and new branch growth, but new branch and leaves of Daeshim was similar or small to control cultivar Chungil. The number of leaves of Gwasang No. 2 and Suhyang was lower than Chungil, but weight of leaves per tree was heavyer than Chungil. Mulberry leaf yield was Gwasang No. 2 521 kg/10a, Suhyang 189 kg/10a, Daeshim 73 kg/10a, Chungil 1,095 kg/10a. Content of mineral element of all three mulberry cultivars leaf for mulberry fruit production was higher than Chungil in N, P, K, Ca etc. Feeding quantity of silkworm of Gwasang No. 2 and Suhyang was much more than Chungil. Feeding quantity was highest at Suhyang in 96 kg/box. Growth duration of silkworm larvae was not different in all four mulberry culivars but weight of silkworms (5th instar 3rd day) was heavy at Gwasang No. 2 (2.07 g/head) and Suhyang (2.11 g/head) compared to control cultivar Chungil (1.92 g/head). Mortality of silkworms was 14.6% (Gwasang No. 2), 13.3% (Suhyang), 13.9% (Daesim), 12.6% (Chungil) and than higher at elder instar stage. The production amount of silkworm (5th instar 3rd day) was 35.4 kg/box (Gwasang No. 2), 36.6 kg/box (Suhyang), 35.0 kg/box (Daeshim), 33.6 kg/ box (Chungil). Amount of possible rearing silkworms was estimated 3.4box/10 a (Gwasang No. 2), 1.3box/10a (Suhyang), 0.5box/10a (Daeshim), 8.7box/10a (Chungil).