• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1999년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.229-232
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• 1999

The seismic isolation technology has appeared to be increasingly necessary for highway brides LNG tank nuclear power plant and building structures in view of recent frequent earthquake vibrations in Korea. Also high-technology industries required effective seismic protection. The LRB(Lead Rubber Bearing) systen has been counted as the most effective way for seismic isolation which is now under development and widely used in industries. Hear the commercial FEM software for nonlinear analysis MARC has provided force-displacement curves on the rubber system. The analysis has been carried out about four cases ; 29.5mm and 59mm horizontal dislacements with/without a center hole. The unknown constants of the strain energy function of Ogden model have been obtained by a tension test,

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.361-374
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• 2016

이 연구는 대표적인 면진장치인 납고무베어링(LRB)의 유한요소모델의 신뢰성을 향상시키기 위하여 주재료인 고무의 재료특성에 대하여 연구하였다. 고무는 일반적인 탄성재료와는 달리 대변형, 비선형특성을 가지는 초탄성 재료이다. 본 연구에서는 고무를 초탄성 재료로 가정하고 그의 재료특성을 변형률에너지함수로 표현하여 LRB의 유한요소모델을 개발하였다. 연구를 위하여 여러 변형률에너지함수 중 몇 가지를 선별하고 이를 이용하여 고무의 재료특성을 예측하였다. 변형률에너지함수를 이용하여 결정된 고무의 재료특성과 표준적인 납의 재료특성을 이용하여 LRB의 유한요소모델을 개발하고, 수평방향과 수직방향의 힘-변위 관계를 해석하였다. LRB의 유한요소모델을 통하여 해석으로 예측한 수평과 수직방향 강성을 실험결과와 비교함으로써 개발된 유한요소모델의 적합성을 검증하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제13권3호통권55호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2009

지진으로부터 구조물의 안전을 확보하기 위하여 많은 공학자들의 연구가 계속되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 납의 이력특성을 이용하여 지진하중을 감소시키는 LRB(lead rubber bearing)의 감쇠능력에 대한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 납 플러그의 면적비를 주요변수로 설계한 2종류 12개의 시험체를 제작하여 변위제어시험을 시행하였다. 감쇠비 결정을 위한 이력감쇠곡선을 얻기 위하여 2개의 시험체가 한 쌍을 이루도록 배치하고 3회 반복이력시험을 수행하였다. 실험결과로부터 본 연구에서의 납 플러그 면적비가 큰 LRB는 지진시 구조물의 지진하중을 감소시키는데 충분한 감쇠비를 보유하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2020

In this paper, slit steel rubber bearing is presented as an innovative seismic isolator device. In this type of isolator, slit steel damper is an energy dissipation device. Its advantages in comparison with that of the lead rubber bearing are its simplicity in manufacturing process and replacement of its yielding parts. Also, slit steel rubber bearing has the same ability to dissipate energy with smaller value of displacement. Using finite element method in ABAQUS software, a parametric study is done on the performance of this bearing. Three different kinds of isolator with three different values of strut width, 9, 12 and 15 mm, three values of thickness, 4, 6 and 8 mm and two steel types with different yield stress are assessed. Effects of these parameters on the performance characteristics of slit steel rubber bearing are studied. It is shown that by decreasing the thickness and strut width and by selecting the material with lower yield stress, values of effective stiffness, energy dissipation capacity and lateral force in the isolator reduce but equivalent viscous damping is not affected significantly. Thus, by choosing appropriate values for thickness, strut width and slit steel damper yield stress, an isolator with the desired behavior can be achieved. Finally, the performance of an 8-storey frame with the proposed isolator is compared with the same frame equipped with LRB. Results show that SSRB is successful in base shear reduction of structure in a different way from LRB.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.959-982
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• 2015

In this study, a non-stationary random earthquake Clough-Penzien model is used to describe earthquake ground motion. Using stochastic direct integration in combination with an equivalent linear method, a solution is established to describe the non-stationary response of lead-rubber bearing (LRB) system to a stochastic earthquake. Two parameters are used to develop an optimization method for bearing design: the post-yielding stiffness and the normalized yield strength of the isolation bearing. Using the minimization of the maximum energy response level of the upper structure subjected to an earthquake as an objective function, and with the constraints that the bearing failure probability is no more than 5% and the second shape factor of the bearing is less than 5, a calculation method for the two optimal design parameters is presented. In this optimization process, the radial basis function (RBF) response surface was applied, instead of the implicit objective function and constraints, and a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm was used to solve the optimization problems. By considering the uncertainties of the structural parameters and seismic ground motion input parameters for the optimization of the bearing design, convex set models (such as the interval model and ellipsoidal model) are used to describe the uncertainty parameters. Subsequently, the optimal bearing design parameters were expanded at their median values into first-order Taylor series expansions, and then, the Lagrange multipliers method was used to determine the upper and lower boundaries of the parameters. Moreover, using a calculation example, the impacts of site soil parameters, such as input peak ground acceleration, bearing diameter and rubber shore hardness on the optimization parameters, are investigated.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2002년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.367-372
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• 2002

In these days, The base isolation system is often used to improve the seismic capacity of the structures instead of conventional techniques of strengthening the structural members. The purpose of this study is to evaluate dynamic properties and mechanical characteristics of the 10tonf-LRB(Lead-Rubber Bearing). Experimental studies were performed to obtain the hysteretic behavior, effective shear stiffness( $K_{eff}$), equivalent damping( $H_{eq}$ ), capacity of energy dissipation( $W_{D}$) of six 10tonf-LRB. Especially, in this study, the response of the LRB for high loading frequency(0.5Hz~3.0Hz) was estimated. The effective shear stiffness of the LRB decreases and the capacity of energy dissipation increases as the shear strain amplitude increases. But the shear behavior of the LRB is not affected sensitively by loading frequency.y.y.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.601-611
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• 2016

최근 빈번하게 발생하는 크고 작은 지진에 대비하여 구조물의 지진에 대한 안전성을 확보하기 위한 방안으로 지진격리시스템을 이용한 연구개발과 사용이 점차 증가하고 있다. 지진격리시스템의 하나인 고감쇠 고무받침(HDRB)는 특수한 고감쇠 고무(HDR)를 이용한 적층형 고무받침으로서 유사 지진격리장치인 납 고무받침에 비해 감쇠기능이 다소 떨어지는 단점이 있어 활용도가 높지 않았다. 그러나, 고감쇠 고무받침은 재료와 형상이 유사한 천연고무받침의 비해 우수한 감쇠력을 가지고 있으며 기존 납 고무받침의 경우 납의 유해성이 문제되어 납을 사용하지 않은 고감쇠 고무받침에 대한 연구가 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 고감쇠 고무받침을 대상으로 압축응력 의존성 및 주파수 의존성, 반복하중 의존성 등 다양한 특성에 대하여 실험을 실시하였다. 그리고 여러 계기지진파 상태에서 고감쇠 고무받침의 내진성능을 평가하기 위해 진동대 실험과 분석을 수행하였다. 축소교량에 고감쇠 고무받침을 적용한 모델을 사용했고, 지진격리와 비 지진격리로 구분하여 진행하였다. 그 결과 고감쇠 고무받침을 적용할 경우 비 지진격리의 경우에 비해 높은 감쇠효과를 보였으나 Mexico City와 같은 연약지반의 구조물에 지진격리를 적용할 경우 오히려 구조물의 응답이 증가하는 양상을 나타내 지진격리장치 적용성에 주의해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2001

고무제품에 근간을 둔 면진장치는 상당한 저온효과와 약간의 변형도 속도효과를 보여준다. 면진장치의 비탄성거동에 영향을 미치는 이들의 속성은 면진장치의 거동을 정확히 모델링하기 위해 반드시 고려되어져야 하기 때문에, 고무와 납 모두에 영향을 미치는 저온효과와 변형도 속도효과를 고려할 수 있는 해석모델을 제시하였다. 얼린 면진장치를 일정 수직하중에서 수평방향 반복하중을 가한 실험결과들로부터 시스템 식별(SI : system identification)을 적용하여 해석모델에 필요한 고무와 납의 매개변수들을 구하였다. 제안된 해석모델은 면진장치의 거동을 유사하게 표현할 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1126-1131
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• 2010

Experimental studies for the high damping rubber bearing, lead rubber bearing and natural rubber bearing, those are often used to improve the seismic capacity if the structure recently, are conducted to evaluate the seismic capacity of the seismic isolation bearings. The shear stiffness of the bearings decrease and the shear strain amplitude or the constant axial load level increase, but not sensitive to the strain rate effect. Bearings are strong for the axial compression but weak for the axial tension.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.203-218
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• 2024

Beam-column joints in the frame structure are at high risk of brittle shear failure which would lead to significant residual deformation and even the collapse of the structure during an earthquake. In order to improve the damage issue and enhance the recoverability of the beam-column joints, a sector lead rubber damper (SLRD) has been developed. The SLRD can increase the bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity, and also demonstrating recoverability of seismic performance following cyclic loading. In this paper, the hysteretic behavior of SLRD was experimentally investigated in terms of the regular hysteretic behavior, large deformation behavior and fatigue behavior. Furthermore, a parametric analysis was performed to study the influence of the primary design parameters on the hysteretic behavior of SLRD. The results show that SLRD resist the exerted loading through the shear capacity of both rubber parts coupled with the lead cores in the pre-yielding stage of lead cores. In the post-yielding phase, it is only the rubber parts of the SLRD that provide the shear capacity while the lead cores primarily dissipate the energy through shear deformation. The SLRD possesses a robust capacity for large deformation and can sustain hysteretic behavior when subjected to a loading rotation angle of 1/7 (equivalent to 200% shear strain of the rubber component). Furthermore, it demonstrates excellent fatigue resistance, with a degradation of critical behavior indices by no more than 15% in comparison to initial values even after 30 cycles. As for the designing practice of SLRD, it is recommended to adopt the double lead core scheme, along with a rubber material having the lowest possible shear modulus while meeting the desired bearing capacity and a thickness ratio of 0.4 to 0.5 for the thin steel plate.