• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.343-352
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• 2024

Composition analysis and lead isotope ratio analysis were conducted to determine the coloring machanism on lead glaze used in Gyeongbokgung Palace and the provenance of the lead used as a flux. 31 blue tiles were classified into green, blue, and yellow. The chemical analysis of lead glazes on the blue tiles revealed that Pb, Si, and Cu were the main components, and trace amounts of Fe, Ca, Mg, and Al were detected. The Cu content was high in blue lead glaze, while Cu was not detected in yellow or brown lead glaze which instead had high Fe content. Therefore, it was found that lead was used as a flux and copper oxide as a coloring agent in the production of lead glaze. In addition, the lead isotope ratios of the lead glaze used in the blue tiles of Gyeongbokgung palace were plotted in zone 3 on the distribution map of lead isotope ratios on the Korean Peninsula, which includes Chungcheong-do and Jeolla-do. It is presumed that the flux for the lead glaze was sourced from galena found in these regions. The lead isotope ratios of the green glaze from the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla period were mostly located outside the Korean Peninsula, showing that the provenance of lead had changed. In particular, the lead isotope ratios of the green glaze from the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla period suggest exchange with neighboring countries. Also the lead isotope ratios of the green glazes from the same temple are different, so it is believed that they were made at different times or in different workshops.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.17-23
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• 1976

The study is an attempt to prepare the raw graze can replace the lead glaze that has been used for a long time as Korean Kimchi-jars. 1) The batch of the glaze that show the similar properties and appearance of lead-glaze were 40% of Yongin or Anseong Yakto, 40% of Ash and 20% of Anhydrous-Colemanite. It's Seger Formula was {0.86 CaO 0.02 MgO 0.12 KNaO} {0.26 Al2O3 0.0007 Fe2O3} 0.92 SiO2 0.3 B2O3 2) The firing temperature of selected glaze was 950-1050℃. 3) As the content of anhydrous-Colemanite was increased, the thermal expansion coefficient was decreased. 4) The color of leadless raw glaze was translucent light yellow. It was possible to obtain the same color as lead glaze by Fe2O3 and MnO2.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.29
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• pp.65-80
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• 2023

This study investigated seven specimens of lead-glazed paving bricks in order to identify the materialistic characteristics of the lead glaze used for paving bricks during the late Unified Silla period in Korea. The samples were excavated from the Beopgwangsa Temple site, Pohang. As a result of observing the surface and cross-section of the glaze with a microscope, the study confirmed that the lead glaze demonstrates various traits of hydration, which were classified into four layers: Surface layer, hydration layer A, hydration layer B, and green layer. After measuring the composition of each layer with SEM-EDS analysis, the green layer was found to have been less affected by the external environment, which renders it highly reasonable to view the green layer as the original composition of the lead glaze. The green layer is a low-temperature glaze composed mainly of PbO and SiO₂ at a ratio of 8:2, with approximately 2% CuO acting as the main colorant. Comparing the green layer composition with those from Gyeongsang-do, it was confirmed that the mixture ratio of lead glaze materials was similar to other sites such as the Sacheonwangsa Temple site, the Cheonryongsa Temple site, and the Buseoksa Temple site.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.333-342
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• 1999

This research was performed to investigate how the basic glaze change affected colour development at high temperature with a stable colorant (spinel structure CoAl2O4 pigment) The compounded pigment which is widely used for porcelain was also tested for the basic glazes adaptability. The data from the test were recorded in a computer data-base program. Therefore could be easily used in the study related with a pottery field. CoO : Al2O3 system spinel pigment of barium glaze lime glaze zinc glaze lead glaze and talc glaze were chosen for this study. The colors of Cobalt blue bright blue, blue purple were seen at the wave lengths of 455-480nm at the firing temperature of 1250$^{\circ}C$. Stable color were obtained from lime glaze bar-ium glaze zinc glaze. All the information in the database were used to examine all the possible result of the test in the study of porcelain. When the test results database were examined in all temperature ranges the lack of adhesion with the pigment occurred at the temperature of 1150$^{\circ}C$. The lack of adhesion is seen due to vaporization of the lead glaze.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.24
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• pp.99-116
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• 2020

This study examines the results of analyses of the lead isotope ratio and chemical composition of lead glass and green glaze from ancient Northeast Asia in order to suggest their production sites and reveal further characteristics. The comparison of the lead isotope ratio of lead glass and green glaze from two Baekje remains in Iksan-the Wanggung-ri Site and Mireuksa Temple Site-suggests that they were produced to the west of the South Gyeonggi Massif (Zone 4) using lead extracted from the same area. With a few exceptions, it has proved difficult to identify the production sites of most of the green-glazed roof tiles from Unified Silla-period Buddhist temples across Northeast Asia. The major component of the lead glass from Baekje, Silla, China, and Japan during the seventh century is PbO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CuO, and Fe₂O₃, with a ratio of PbO and SiO₂ of 70 and 30 wt.%, respectively. The green-glazed roof tiles excavated from a temple from the Unified Silla period have a high proportion of lead, ranging from 64 to 90 wt.%. Green-glazed lozenge tiles excavated from the Sacheonwangsa Temple site in Gyeongju were shown to contain PbO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and CuO, a similar composition with lead glass. An experiment was conducted to reproduce a glaze according to the production method mentioned in the Zō hotokesho sakumotsu-chō (Buddhist statue workshop crop book) in the Shosoin Repository. In this experiment, an identical ratio of PbO was observed for Japanese green-glazed ceramics from the eighth to eleventh century as that found in Chinese lead-glazed ceramics excavated from kilns operated from the seventh to tenth century in Henan. This indicates that production methods for lead glass and glaze were shared across Northeast Asia.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.20-37
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• 2017

It is called the "Painted lead glaze pottery" that is painted green, brown, yellow over white or light yellow glazed base among glazed pottery in the Northern Qi Dynasty. Even though the white glazed pot painted green with three ears and the yellow glazed jar painted green with long neck is found in the Fan-cui Tomb in Honghetun Village, Anyang City, Henan Province in 1971, these potteries were not focused in academic circles. While the white glazed pottery found with them was thought as the earliest evidence of the white porcelain that the date is clear, it has constantly been discussed so far. In this paper, focused on the painted lead glaze pottery, the materials from tombs and kiln sites are organized, and based on them, the decoration feature and production technique is analyzed. The emergence time of this pottery is checked by the date of tombs and the social value of this pottery is considered by the position of the buried person. The painted lead glaze pottery of the Northern Qi Dynasty has independent character such as porcelain clay, twice firing burning and painting technique over glazed base. This character emerged from several glazed potteries in the Northern Wei Dynasty and it continued to the Northern Qi Dynasty. At last, the white painted lead glazed pottery appeared. The painted lead glaze pottery was formed by the combination of a shape of the ceramic in Southern China and painting technique after the Northern Wei Dynasty in Northern China.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 1989

Synthesis of spinel pigment on ZnO-Fe2O3 system. The object of this research is the synthesis of new spinel pigments on the basic of ZnO-Fe2O3 system which was substituted by ZnO-Fe2O3 by MgO-Al2O3. This research was progressed by measuring the X-ray diffraction and the reflectances of the substitued ZnO-Fe2O3 group. Which was obtained by sintering at the temperature of 1,00$0^{\circ}C$, 1,10$0^{\circ}C$, 1,20$0^{\circ}C$ and 1,25$0^{\circ}C$ and them by regrinding. In order to coloring test, here basic compositions of Barium glaze, Zinc glaze, Lime glaze, Lead glaze and Talc glaze used in this experiment are obtained from the ceramic work. Adding synthetic stains in these basic glazes with 3%, mixing and glazing on the specimen. The specimens was fired at 1,28$0^{\circ}C$ in reducing and oxidizing atmosphere in the gas kiln. The results of the research as follow. 1. Many kinds of spinel pigment was produced on ZnO-Fe2O3 system that is to say, not always only spinel. 2. Spinel peak was observed strongly on the ZnO-Fe2O3 system withsubstituting by MgO-Fe2O3 and MgO-Al2O3 group(the ratio of MgO, Al2O3 being increased, observed more strongly). 3. The most effective temperature ranges was 1,20$0^{\circ}C$~1,25$0^{\circ}C$. 4. The color of spinel pigments on this system was observed by "stable YR". 5. It was yellow red in oxidizing and green in reducing atmosphere on the coloring test.ring test.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2003

The study subjects included the workers who were estimated to have been exposed in a low density of lead-laden glaze from pottery manufacturers. They were evaluated in terms of PbB and PbU as indices of lead concentration in the body, and Hb, Hct, ALAD, and FEP as indices of biochemical lead poisoning. Consequently, the study results revealed the relationship between each of indices and its effectiveness to indicate the degree of occupational lead exposure. 1. The mean of PbB was $22.85{\;}{\mu}g/d{\ell}$(range; $4.2~44.7{\;}{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) and PbU $45.69{\mu}g/d{\ell}$(range; $6.7~87.5{\mu}g/d{\ell}$), to indicate the level of lead exposure in the subjects. 2. While there was a high, linear correlation between PbB, PbU and FEP (r=0.835, r=0.855, respectively), a low correlation existed between PbB and ALAD(r=-0.240). 3. While there was a high, linear correlation between PbU and FEP(r=0.825), a low correlation existed between PbU and ALAD(r=-0.352). The above results suggest that FEP can be used as a highly useful biochemical index of lead poisoning, based on its high correlation with PbB and PbU indicating lead concentration in the body.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.112-131
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• 2011

This article reports the results of scientific analysis using SEM-EDX, XRD, TG/DTA, performed on 5 green glaze samples of the brick and roofing tile excavated from the Sacheonwang temple site in Gyeongju in order to verify the chemical compositions and melting temperature. The glaze samples on 2 clay statues have similar chemical composition (PbO 74~81%, $SiO_2$ 14~18%) and melting temperature range ($970{\sim}1070^{\circ}C$), whereas the 2 tiles of goblin's face and 1 rhomb brick have different characteristics. Sample SC 003 (made of PbO 63~67%, $SiO_2$ 25~28%), one of the tiles of goblin's face, shows low melting temperature range (below $970^{\circ}C$), and sample SC 004 (composed of PbO 64~70%, $SiO_2$ 19~25% and melting point $970{\sim}1070^{\circ}C$), the other tile of goblin's face, shows different chemical characteristics compared with 2 clay statues. The green glaze on rhomb brick shows different composition compared with all the others from Sacheonwang temple site in that it does not show any impurity elements other than the main components (PbO 87~88%, $SiO_2$ 12~13%) with very low melting temperature range ($750{\sim}770^{\circ}C$). Surprizingly, the chemical and optical characteristics of this green-glaze on rhomb brick are very similar to that on the bricks from Yeongmyo temple site, Gyeongju. The above results indicate that raw material and manufacturing method are not same for 5 green-glaze samples from Sacheonwang temple site and therefore suggests that further study on the provenance of raw material such as lead isotope analysis is necessary. Our work will provide basic data for future reproduction study of green glazed brick of Sacheonwang temple site, Gyeongju and will also serve as a reference data for the study of raw material and manufacturing method of green glaze from other sites of cultural assets.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.131-137
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• 1982

For the purpose of the curative effects of oral D-penicillamine in lead poisoning, D-penicillamine was orally administered to 7 lead poisoned workers which were employed in glaze product industry dealing with the lead oxide ($Pb_3O_4$). The doses of D-penicillamine was 1,200mg per day which was administered by oral 7days schedules, taking for 5 days and stopping for the following 2days, repeatedly during 3 months period. (All the poisoned workers started working again in that industry after 1 month treatment, and were treated by oral D-penicillamine for 2 months still being exposed to contaminated environment.) In order to evaluate the curative effects of D-penicillamine, 10gm of whole blood and 24 hours urine were collected every 14 days during the curative period for laboratory analysis(hemoglobin, blood lead, urine $\sigma$-aminolevulinic acid, urine coproporphyrin, and urine lead levels) with the observation of the clinical symptoms. The results were as follows; 1. Oral D-penicillamine effected good curative results as that hemoglobin, blood lead, urine $\sigma$-aminolevulinic acid, and urine coproporphyrin levels were decreased below the critical level within 1 month treatment. 2. After re-exposure, oral D-penicillamine effected to some extent as that urine lead level was decreased below the critical level after 3 months treatment with disappearence of the clinical symptoms after 2 months treatment. However, the curative effects of oral D-penicillamine in the lead exposure state is questionable since increasement of blood lead level and remarkable decreasement of urine lead level after 3 months treatment can be observed.