• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 1999

Lead and cadmium were analyzed with different pretreatemnt methods. Paddy soil and wastewater sludge samples were used and the result was compared each other. Pretreatment method affected the concentration obtained from samples significantly. Large difference was illustrated between the results. The concentration by 0.1N HCl extraction method, an official analytical method for soil and solid wastes, was far lower than those by the EPA3050B and mixed-acid digestion methods. The reason might be that metals associated with organics and silicates are not easily extracted by 0.1N HCl, while digestion methods using strong acids and high temperature dissolved all the elements in the samples. It implies that pretreatment method should be specified in addition to concentration on the report of metal analysis for environmental samples. Acid digestion methods are not necessarily good because the concentration obtained does not represent the natural condition which is our concern in many cases. The 0.1N HCl extraction method does not fully represent the natural condition either. The metals associated with organics will be extracted eventually as organics decompose with time. Therefore, proper pretreatment and analytical methods should be developed for specific purpose, and their standardization is recommended.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.780-783
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• 2003

Pacemaker lead-related infective endocarditis is an uncommon, but serious complication. We report a case of a 45-year-old man who had symptom of intermittent high fever and rupture of sinus Valsalva that developed after a redo aortic valve replacement and transvenous permanent pacemaker implantation. Positive blood cultures of streptococcus viridans and transesophageal echocardiography showing a large mobile vegetation on pacemaker lead and tricuspid valve lead to the diagnosis of pacemaker lead-related infective endocarditis. Initial antibiotic therapy followed by surgical extraction of the pacemaker lead and wide debridement of infective tissues including multiple vegetations was required. Postoperative antibiotic therapy was continued for 4 weeks. The postoperative course has been uneventful. The patient is totally asymptomatic and is doing well up to now.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 2013

This study aims at identifying the variation of physicochemical properties for galena ore in order to use it in understanding of manufacturing techniques in terms of metallurgical method and smelting or refining process for obtaining lead. The ores in the study obtained from the operating mine have been washed and pre-treated for a test. Metallic lead has been extracted by roasting process. The result displays that galena is still in present in the matt despite of exposure to high temperature, over $1000^{\circ}C$. Nearly $11.1g/cm^3$ specific gravity metallic lead has been collected from the refining test of which aim was to remove the remnant galena and a trace of concentrated silver has been identified at the grain boundary. The result suggests that at least one refining process was essential to acquire high purity metallic lead and cupellation had been executed to remove remnant silver.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.41
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• pp.25.1-25.5
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• 2019

Background: Brain abscess is a life-threatening condition that occurs due to complications during a neurosurgical procedure, direct cranial trauma, or the presence of local or distal infection. Infection in the oral cavity can also be considered a source of brain abscess. Case presentation: A 45-year-old male patient was transported with brain abscess in the subcortical white matter. Navigation-guided abscess aspiration and drainage was performed in the right mid-frontal lobe, but the symptoms continued to worsen after the procedure. A panoramic radiograph showed alveolar bone resorption around the maxillary molars. The compromised maxillary molars were extracted under local anesthesia, and antibiotics were applied based on findings from bacterial culture. A brain MRI confirmed that the three brain abscesses in the frontal lobe were reduced in size, and the patient's symptoms began to improve after the extractions. Conclusion: This is a rare case report about multiple uncontrolled brain abscesses treated by removal of infection through the extraction of maxillary molars with odontogenic infection. Untreated odontogenic infection can also be considered a cause of brain abscess. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the possibility that untreated odontogenic infection can lead to serious systemic inflammatory diseases such as brain abscess. Through a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment, physicians should be encouraged to consider odontogenic infections as a potential cause of brain abscesses.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.946-950
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• 2010

Many sentiment categorization systems based on machine learning methods use morphological analyzers in order to extract linguistic features from sentences. However, the morphological analyzers do not generally perform well in a customer review domain because online customer reviews include many spacing errors and spelling errors. These low performances of the underlying systems lead to performance decreases of the sentiment categorization systems. To resolve this problem, we propose a feature extraction method based on simple longest matching of Eojeol (a Korean spacing unit) and phoneme patterns. The two kinds of patterns are automatically constructed from a large amount of POS (part-of-speech) tagged corpus. Eojeol patterns consist of Eojeols including content words such as nouns and verbs. Phoneme patterns consist of leading consonant and vowel pairs of predicate words such as verbs and adjectives because spelling errors seldom occur in leading consonants and vowels. To evaluate the proposed method, we implemented a sentiment categorization system using a SVM (Support Vector Machine) as a machine learner. In the experiment with Korean customer reviews, the sentiment categorization system using the proposed method outperformed that using a morphological analyzer as a feature extractor.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.147-159
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• 1998

In order to study the effects of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer on the toxic mineral content in the absence or presence of the wood extraction, the lettuce an experiment of fatal 20 treatments was conducted far a peried of 10 weeks. The results obtained from the experiment are summarized as follows; 1. The mineral contents of the lettuce in the wood extraction-treated group and the wood extraction non-treated group showed no conspicious differenves. 2. These are no prominent differences in the mineal contents(Chromium, Nickel, Lead, and Aluminium) in the lettuce between the organic fertifized group and the lettuce raised in the chemical fertilized group. 3. Mercury was not detected in all samples of lettuces raised in all treatments.4. Cadmium contents in the lettuce samples were increased as the amount of organic fertilizer was increased from 25% to 100%.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.146-151
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• 2022

Rotigotine (RTG) is a non-ergot dopamine agonist used to manage the early stage of Parkinson's disease (PD) as transdermal patch. However, the poor medication compliance of PD patients and skin issues related with repeated applications of RTG patches lead to the search for alternative formulations and it also requires appropriate analytical methods for their in vivo evaluation. Thus, here, a sensitive, efficient, and cost-effective method to determine RTG in rat plasma using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and multiple reaction monitoring was developed. The use of 20 µL of rat plasma for sample treatment, 8-OH-DPAT as the internal standard, and methyl tert-butyl ether as the LLE solvent in the present method gives it advantages over previous methods for the analysis of RTG in biological samples. The good analytical performance of the developed method was confirmed in specificity, linearity (the coefficient of determination ≥0.999 within 0.1-100 ng/mL), sensitivity (the lower limit of quantitation at 0.1 ng/mL), accuracy (81.00-115.05%), precision (≤10.75%), and recovery (81.00-104.48%) by following the FDA guidelines. Finally, the applicability test of the validated method to the in vivo evaluation of a RTG formulation showed that the present method is the only method which can be accurately applied to that longer than 24 hours, critical for the development of formulations with reduced dosing frequencies. Therefore, the present method could contribute to the development of new RTG formulations helpful to people suffering from PD.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.43-50
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• 2011

Currently, conventional security methods including IC card or password type method are quickly switched into biometric security systems in various applications and the electrocardiogram (ECG) has been considered as one of novel biometrics way. However, conventional ECG based biometrics used lead II signal which conventionally used for formulaic signal to heart disease diagnosis and it is not suitable for biometrics since it is rather difficult to find consistent features for heart disease patents. To overcome this problem, we developed new biometrics system using ECG lead III signals. For wave extraction, signal peak points are extracted through AAV algorithm. For feature selection, extracted waves are categorized into one of four wave types and total twenty two features including number of vertices, wave shapes, amplitude information and interval information are extracted based on their wave types. Experimental results for thirty-six people showed 100% specificity, 95.59% sensitivity and 99.17% of overall identification accuracy.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2002.10e
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• pp.277-284
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• 2002

본 논문은 신문기사에서 중요한 문장을 추출(Extract)하는데 있어서, 기존에 기장 우수한 방법인 전문기반 방법(Lead-based method)과 제목을 이용한 유사도 측정방법(Title-based method)의 문제점을 해결하기 위해서, 육하원칙 활성화도를 이용하여 신문기사를 효과적으로 요약할 수 있는 방법과 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서는 먼저, 제목(Title)과 전문(Lead)에서 중복출현하지 않는 육하원칙 구성성분을 결합하고, 본문은 각 문장에서 육하원칙 구성성분의 재사용성과 육하원칙 구성성분의 범주 증감을 파악하여 육하원칙 활성화도를 구하고, 전문기반 방법을 응용하여 각 문장의 상대적인 중요도에 따라 최종적인 가중치를 부여함으로써, 신문기사에서 중요한 문장을 효과적으로 추출할 수 있는 가중치 계산식을 제안하였다. 실험문서는 조선일보 웹사이트에서 제공하는 신문기사 100건을 대상으로 하였으며, 요약율이 30%일 경우 제안한 방법의 정확률은 74.7%로 기존의 전문기반(Lead-based method)방법보다 6.7% 향상되었다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.336-344
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• 1996

The extraction of trace cobalt, copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc in urine samples of organic and alkali metal matrix into chloroform by the complex with a dithizone was studied for graphite furnace AAS determination. Various experimental conditions such as the pretreatment of urine, the pH of sample solution, and dithizone concentration in a solvent were optimized for the effective extraction, and some essential conditions were also studied for the back-extraction and digestion as well. All organic materials in 100 mL urine were destructed by the digestion with conc. $HNO_3$ 30 mL and 30% $H_2O_2$ 50 mL. Here, $H_2O_2$ was added dropwise with each 5.0 mL, serially. Analytes were extracted into 15.0 mL chloroform of 0.1% dithizone from the digested urine at pH 8.0 by shaking for 90 minutes. The pH was adjusted with a commercial buffer solution. Among analytes, cadmium, lead and zinc were back-extracted to 10.00 mL of 0.2 M $HNO_3$ from the solvent for the determination, and after the organic solvent was evaporated, others were dissolved with $HNO_3-H_2O_2$ and diluted to 10.00 mL with a deionized water. Synthetic digested urines were used to obtain optimum conditions and to plot calibration-eurves. Average recoveries of 77 to 109% for each element were obtained in sample solutions in which given amounts of analytes were added, and detection limits were Cd 0.09, Pb 0.59, Zn 0.18, Co 0.24, Cu 1.3 and Ni 1.7 ng/mL, respectively. It was concluded that this method could be applied for the determination of heavy elements in urine samples without any interferences of organic materials and major alkaline elements.