• Journal of international Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.460-465
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• 2013

Electrical equipments of nuclear power plant are divided into class 1E and non-class 1E. Electrical equipment and systems that are essential to emergency reactor shutdown, containment isolation, reactor core cooling, and containment and reactor heat removal, are classified as class 1E. batteries of nuclear power plant are divided into four channels, which are physically and electrically separate and independent. The battery bank of class 1E DC power system of the nuclear power plant use lead-acid batteries in present. The lead acid battery, which has a high energy density, is the most popular form of energy storage. Kt factor of lead-acid battery is used to determine battery size and it is one of calculatiing coefficient for capacity. this paper analyzes Kt factor of lead-acid battery for the DC power system of nuclear power plant. In addition, correlation between Kt parameter and peukert's exponent of lead-acid battery for nuclear plant are discussed. The analytical results contribute to optimize of determining size Lead-acid battery bank.

• 전기학회논문지P
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2014

Function of battery bank stores energy for DC load in general, and DC power system of the nuclear power plant is used to supply DC loads for safety- featured instrumentation and control such as inverter, class 1E power system control and indication, and station annunciation. Class 1E DC power system must provide a power for the design basis accident conditions, and adequate capacity must be available during loss of AC power and subsequent safe shutdown of the plant. In present, batteries of Class 1E DC power system of the nuclear power plant uses lead-acid batteries. Class 1E batteries of nuclear power plants in Korea are summarized in terms of specification, such as capacity, discharge rate, bank configuration and discharge end voltage, etc. This paper summarizes standards of determining battery size for the nuclear power plant, and analyzes duty cycle for the class 1E DC power system of nuclear power plant. Then, battery cell size is calculated as 2613Ah according to the standard. In addition, this paper analyzes performance test results during past 13 years and shows performance degradation in the battery bank. Performance tests in 2001 and 2005 represent that entire battery cells do not reach the discharge-end voltage. Howeyer, the discharge-end voltage is reached in 14.7% of channel A (17 EA), 13.8% of channel B (16 EA), 5.2% of channel C (6 EA) and 16.4% of channel D (19 EA) at 2011 performance test. Based on the performance test results analysis and size calculation, battery capacity and degradation by age in Korearn nuclear power plant is discussed and would be used for new design.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.2561-2567
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• 2018

The extension of DC battery backup time in the DC power supply system of nuclear power plants (NPPs) remains a challenge. The lead-acid battery is the most popular at present. And it is generally the most popular energy storage device. However, extension of backup time requires too much space. The lithium-ion battery has high energy density and advanced gravimetric and volumetric properties. The aim of this paper is development of the sizing formula of stationary lithium-ion batteries. The ongoing research activities and related industrial standards for stationary lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. Then, the lithium-ion battery sizing calculation formular is proposed for the establishment of industrial design standard which is essential for the design of stationary batteries of nuclear power plants. An example of calculating the lithium-ion battery capacity for a medium voltage UPS is presented.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2016

Earlier studies conducted on lead-exposed workers have determined the reticulocyte count (RC) (%), but the parameters of Absolute Reticulocyte Count (ARC), Reticulocyte Index (RI), and Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI) were not reported. This study assessed the effect of lead (Pb) exposure on the status of reticulocyte count indices in workers occupied in lead battery plants. The present cross-sectional study was carried out on 391 male lead battery workers. The blood lead levels (BLL) were determined by using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The RC (%) was estimated by using the supravital staining method. The parameters, such as ARC, RI, and RPI, were calculated by using the RC (%) with the red cell indices (RBC count and hematocrit). The levels of RBC count and hematocrit were determined by using an ABX Micros ES-60 hematology analyzer. The levels of reticulocyte count indices - RC (%), ARC, RI, and RPI significantly increased with elevated BLL. The association between BLL and reticulocyte count indices was positive and significant. The results of linear multiple regression analysis showed that the reticulocyte count (${\beta}=0.212$, P < 0.001), ARC (${\beta}=0.217$, P < 0.001), RI (${\beta}=0.194$, P < 0.001), and RPI (${\beta}=0.208$, P < 0.001) were positively associated with BLL. The variable, smoking habits, showed a significant positive association with reticulocyte count indices: RC (%) (${\beta}=0.188$, P < 0.001), ARC (${\beta}=0.174$, P < 0.001), RI (${\beta}=0.200$, P < 0.001), and RPI (${\beta}=0.151$, P < 0.005). The study results revealed that lead exposure may cause reticulocytosis with an increase of reticulocyte count indices.

• 공업화학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.344-349
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• 2013

에너지 저장 시스템(energy storage system, ESS)은 발전설비에서 생산된 전력에너지를 저장하여 필요한 시점에 사용할 수 있도록 전기에너지를 화학적으로 저장하는 체계이다. 따라서 에너지 저장 시스템은 에너지 이용 효율향상, 전력공급 시스템의 안정화에 기여할 뿐 아니라, 이산화탄소의 감축 및 화석연료의 고갈문제에 직접 대응할 수 있게 한다. 이차전지인 납 축전지는 현재까지 가장 기술적으로 안정되어 있고, 경제적이며, 신뢰성이 있는 축전지 중 하나이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 납 축전지를 적용한 에너지 저장 시스템의 국내외 실증사례를 조사하여 사례별로 정리하여 관련연구에 참고하고자 한다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2001

This study was performed to compare the lead levels of 20 quality control standard samples(KOSHA:18-2000) and 72 field samples in lead-acid battery manufacturing plant between ICP and portable-XRF methods. 1. While the proficiencies of 20 quality control standard samples by ICP were 100%, those of analytic result values by XRF were 75%. 2. The correlation coefficient(r) between the reference values for quality control (REF) and the analytic result values by ICP (ICP) was 1.0(p<0.05), and simple linear regression equation and the coefficient(R2) were REF = -0.0009 + 1.016 ICP and 0.9997, respectively. 3. The correlation coefficient(r) between the analytic result values of quality control standard samples by ICP (ICP) and by XRF (XRF) was 0.975(p<0.05), and simple linear regression equation and the coefficient(R2) were ICP = -0.0003 + 1.002 XRF and 0.950, respectively. 4. The correlation coefficient(r) between the analytic result values for lead samples of a lead-acid battery manufacturing plant by ICP (ICP) and by XRF (XRF) was 0.993(p<0.05), and simple linear regression equation and the coefficient(R2) were ICP = -2.058 + 0.996 XRF and 0.987, respectively. 5. While the frequency distributions of XRF /ICP(Ratio) for each ICP concentration levels in a lead-acid battery manufacturing plant revealed high proportion in ratio range of 0.876-1.125 than in ration range of 1.126-1.375. Also, ICP concentration level in ration range of 0.786-1.125 was increased with increase of frequency distribution of XRF/ICP. 6. The limit of detection of XRF on lead was determined to be $6.11{\mu}g$/filter The data presented in this study indicated that relationship for lead level of quality control samples and field samples in a lead -acid battery manufacturing plant by ICP and portable-XRF methods was proved. The practicing industrial hygienist can use portable-XRF to produce a rapid on-site determination of lead exposure that can immediately becommunicated to workers and help identify appropriate levels of personal protection.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.261-271
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• 2007

To provide necessary information for future environmental monitoring of storage batteries in Korea, authors analyzed environmental monitoring dataset of air lead concentration of 12 storage battery industries measured during 1989-2006. We calculated geometric mean and standard deviation with minimum and maximum value of each year dataset. Air lead concentration data were analyzed according to year of measurement, type of grid manufacturing method (grid casting type or expander type), size of industries and type of operation (casting, lead powder & pasting, assembly and others). The geometric mean and standard deviation of all lead industries for overall 18 years were $72{\mu}g/m^3$ and 3.65 with minimum of $6{\mu}g/m^3$ and maximum of $7,956{\mu}g/m^3$. The geometric mean air lead concentrations of years between 1989-1999 were above the Korean PEL($50{\mu}g/m^3$), whereas those of years after year 2000 were below the Korean PEL showing 50% of it. The geometric mean concentration of air lead was significantly lower in expander method battery industries than that of grid method battery industries and was lower in large sized battery industries than small & medium sized ones throughout the whole 18 years period. The distributions of over PEL($50{\mu}g/m^3$) were decreased by the years of environmental monitoring and those were lower in expander method battery industries than grid method battery industries. The significant reduction of mean air lead concentration during last 10 years may be induced partly due to more active environmental engineering control and new introduction of new operation in grid method battery industries, but may be also influenced by non-engineering method such as reduction of operation hours or reduction of exposure time during actual environmental measurement by industrial hygienist which is not concrete evidence, but just circumstantial evidence.

• 전력전자학회논문지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.342-348
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• 2019

The emergency power supplies (EPSs) are required to increase battery sizing for protecting power source loss above designed criteria. This study proposes a sizing method for lithium-based batteries for EPSs in nuclear power plants on the basis of the calculation method for the required energy under variable conditions. The variable conditions are related with the characteristics of lithium-based batteries, such as the temperature of the location of EPS installation, aging, and design margin. The usage of lithium-based battery reduces the cost and installation space and enables the safe and long-term supply of power compared with the use of lead-acid battery.

• 플랜트 저널
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.40-44
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 2 V 연축전지의 극판에 펄스파를 인가하여 충전과 방전을 반복한 후 충전용량을 분석하였다. 발전소에서 비상용 전원으로 많이 사용하고 있는 연축전지는 충전과 방전이 반복됨에 따라 방전시 극판에 달라붙어 있던 황산염이 충전 시 이탈하지 아니하고 극판에 피막형태로 달라붙어 절연막을 형성하여 연축전지의 전기반응 통로를 차단하기 때문에 충전용량이 줄어들게 된다. 이에 12 V 연축전지에 많이 사용하고 있는 펄스파를 2 V 연축전지 극판에 인가하고 충전용량을 분석하였다. 펄스파로는 4 V, 20 mA의 전압과 전류에 각각 10 kHz, 20 kHz, 30 kHz 주파수의 펄스파를 사용하였다. 실험결과를 분석한 결과 펄스파를 인가하지 않은 연축전지는 초기 충전용량보다 약 18 % 충전용량이 감소한 반면, 펄스파를 인가한 연축전지는 충전용량의 감소가 훨씬 적었고, 특히 20 kHz 주파수의 펄스파에서 충전용량이 0.56 %만 감소되었다. 이것은 20 kHz 주파수의 펄스파가 다른 주파수의 펄스파보다 극판의 황산염 피막을 분해하는데 더 적합하여 양전하와 음전하의 이동이 활발해진 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1994년도 교수 연수회(환경)
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• pp.577-584
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• 1994

The relation between lead in air (PbA) and lead in blood (PbB), concentrations was investigated among 44 workers in five major operations in a United States high volume, lead acid battery plant. The study covered a 30 month period in which workers received frequent PbA and PbB determinations, workers remained in a single job, and PbA concentrations averaged below the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit of $50{\mu}g/m^{3}$. In both univariate and multivariable linear regressions, longitudinal analyses averaging PbA concentrations over the 30 month study period appeared superior to cross sectional analyses using only six month PbA averages .to model PbB concentrations. The covariate adjusted coefficient ($\alpha$ value) for PbA($\mu/m^{3}$) in models of PbB (${\mu}g/100\;g$) was 1-14. This figure is strikingly higher than that reported in previous studies in the lead acid battery industry in all of which PbA concentrations were substantially higher than in the current study. Plausible explanations for the differences in a: values include non-linearity of the PbA-PbB curve, a higher fraction of large size particulate associated with higher PbA concentrations, survivor bias among workers exposed to higher PbA concentrations, and the cross sectional designs of most previous studies. Despite previously reported problems with the model used by OSHA to predict PbA-PbB relations, the findings of this study are in good agreement with the predictions of that model.