• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 1994

Effects of very low level of lead in diet and exposure time on the accumulation and distribution in organs and tissues was investigated with growing rats. 21 days old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to lead for 7, 14 and 21 days by feeding of 0.03, 0.42, 0.92 and 1.46mg/kg Pb as Pb-acetate containing diet, respectively. Lead concentrations in blood, liver, kidney and bone exhibit a linear relationship with lead levels in diet. After 7 days of exposure, the greatest dose dependent accumulation of lead was found in kidney and followed in bone. However, after 14 and 21 days, the dose dependent accumlation of lead in bone was about two fold greater than that in kidney. The accumulation of lead in liver and blood was relatively low. As continuous exposure to lead, the concentrations of lead in liver, kidney, blood and intestinal tracts were rather not increased with exposure time. However, bone lead concentration was increased with exposure time by feeding of 0.92 and 1.46mg/kg Pb in diet, but not 0.42mg/kg. The lead concentration in gastrointestinal tracts tends also to increasing with lead levels in diet after 7 and 14 days of exposure. However, by 21 days of exposure the lead concentration revealed relatively constant value regardless of the dietary lead levels. It is concluded that the binding capacity of the lead in blood, liver, kidney and bone seems to be increased with increasing lead levels in diet. The lead concentration in these organs, with the exception of the lead in bone, seems, however, to be standing under steady state regulation by continued exposure with the same dietary lead level. Therefore, by chronic exposure condition with environmental relevant lead level bone might be a principle targe organ for lead and blood lead repesents better the current lead exposure than the lead body burden.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1050-1054
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• 1997

In order to study the effects of green juice of Angelica keiskei Koidz on the toxicity of several selected elements, experiments were conducted with mice for a period of six weeks. The results obtained from the experiment are summarized as follows ; 1) Mice fed with 50 ppm of cadmium showed no adverse effects on the growth rate and mortality , but cadmium accumulation into the internal organs. 2) mice fed with 500ppm of lead showed no reduced effect on the growth rate and mortality, but lead accumulation was increased in the internal organs. The administration of green juice slightly reduced lead accumulation in the internal organs. 3) Mice fed with 50 ppm of selenium also showed no serious adverse effect of the growth rate and mortality , but selenium accumulation occurred in the internal organs. The administration of green juice slightly reduced selenium accumulation in the internal organs, but the modes and degrees of reduction in selenium accumulation were not consistent with the internal organs, liver, kidney and pancreas. 4) Mice fed with 500 ppm of chromium showed, numerically , an adverse effect on the growth rate, but showed no statistically significant difference. The administration of green juice rather increased the accumulation of chromium instead of reduction of chromium accumulation in the internal organs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.211-223
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• 1986

In this experiment forty-eight Sprague Dawley male rats were chosen and used in order to measure the growth rates and to see the effects of lead acumulation in their organs resulting from variously controlled lead protein diet. Protein sources were casein and isolated soyprotein (ISP), and each source was divided into three groups : 7% low protein [LP], 20% standard protein (SP) and 40% high protein (HP) groups. The six experimental groups were given lead acetate(25 mg/kg B.W.) and six control groups were given sodium chloride by oral administration 6 times a week for weeks. The results from this experiment were summeraized as following ; 1) Food consumption, weight gain, organ weight and food efficiency ; Lead acetate administration with protein source had no effects on food consumption, weight gain and organ weight . By their different levels of protein, food consumption of LP group was less the that of SP and HP groups after 3 weeks, weight gain of LP group was less than that of SP and HO groups after 1 weeks. The organ weight in LP group was significantly lower than SP and HP groups except teeth and adrenal s. Effect of lead acetate administration on food efficiency have significantly lower in LP-ISP diet and HP -casein diet than other groups only first week. By their different levels LP group showed significantly lower than SP group until 3 weeks. 2) Hematopoietic effect ; The hematopoieteic effect was not influencec by lead acdtate administration and protein source. But the LP group showed a significantly lowe hematopoietic effect than the SP, HP, groups. 3) Accumulation of lead in the liver, kidney, teeth by protein source showed no significantly differences. Accumulation of lead in blood, heart of LP group, spleen of LP and HP groups. femur of SP and HP groups fed with casein diet groups were significantly higher than fed with ISP diet groups. By their different levels of group showed generally higher than SP and HP groups. But accumulation of lead in teeth of HP group was high also.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.211-223
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• 1986

In this experiment forty-eight Sprague Dawley male rats were chosen and used in order to measure the growth rates and to see the effects of lead acumulation in their organs resulting from variously controlled lead protein diet. Protein sources were casein and isolated soyprotein (ISP), and each source was divided into three groups : 7% low protein [LP], 20% standard protein (SP) and 40% high protein (HP) groups. The six experimental groups were given lead acetate(25 mg/kg B.W.) and six control groups were given sodium chloride by oral administration 6 times a week for weeks. The results from this experiment were summeraized as following ; 1) Food consumption, weight gain, organ weight and food efficiency ; Lead acetate administration with protein source had no effects on food consumption, weight gain and organ weight . By their different levels of protein, food consumption of LP group was less the that of SP and HP groups after 3 weeks, weight gain of LP group was less than that of SP and HO groups after 1 weeks. The organ weight in LP group was significantly lower than SP and HP groups except teeth and adrenal s. Effect of lead acetate administration on food efficiency have significantly lower in LP-ISP diet and HP -casein diet than other groups only first week. By their different levels LP group showed significantly lower than SP group until 3 weeks. 2) Hematopoietic effect ; The hematopoieteic effect was not influencec by lead acdtate administration and protein source. But the LP group showed a significantly lowe hematopoietic effect than the SP, HP, groups. 3) Accumulation of lead in the liver, kidney, teeth by protein source showed no significantly differences. Accumulation of lead in blood, heart of LP group, spleen of LP and HP groups. femur of SP and HP groups fed with casein diet groups were significantly higher than fed with ISP diet groups. By their different levels of group showed generally higher than SP and HP groups. But accumulation of lead in teeth of HP group was high also.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata) has potential for application in the phytoremediation of arsenic introduced by lead arsenate-based pesticides. In this study, Chinese brake ferns were used to extract arsenic, mainly in field and greenhouse experiments, and to assess the performance of simultaneous phytoaccumulation of arsenic and lead from homogenized soil in the greenhouse, with the application of EDTA and electric potential. The ferns have been shown to be effective in accumulating high concentrations of arsenic, and extracting both arsenic and lead from the contaminated soil, with the addition of a chelating agent, EDTA. The maximum increase in lead accumulation in the ferns was 9.2 fold, with a 10 mmol/kg addition of EDTA. In addition, the application of EDTA in combination with electric potential increased the lead accumulation in ferns by 10.6 fold at 5 mmol/kg of EDTA and 40 V (dc), compared to controls. Therefore, under application of EDTA and electric potential, Chinese brake fern is able to extract arsenic and lead simultaneously from soil contaminated by lead arsenate.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 1984

The protective effects of high levels of dietary iron, copper, zinc or protein on lead toxicity were studied In chicks. Growth retardation, reduction of feed intake, anemia and accumulation of lead in the bone and kidney were observed in chicks fed a diet containing 500mg lead as chloride per kg of feed for 42 days. Early changes due to ingested lead were inhibition of red blood cell ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase at all doses and no effect of iron, copper, zinc or protein addition were observed. Tibia lead accumulation was reduced in chicks receiving additional dietary iron or zinc compared to the lead only group but increased in chicks given supplementary protein. Decreased body weight gain was overcome by supplementary zinc or protein in chicks fed lead but not by supplementary iron. Overall the results of this study show that lead poisoning can be partly reduced by providing supplementary iron, zinc or protein, but the interaction of these element remained to be elucidated.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.193-198
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• 1984

Rice, the staple food in Korea, is deficient to some extent in protein, lipid and vitamins. This study was carried out in order to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation to the rice diet of cellulose, ginseng, and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol on lead toxicity in rats. Using male rats fed the rice diet with the distilled drinking water containing 750mg of lead as nitrate per liter, for 11 weeks, organ weights, hemoglobin levels, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity and accumulation of lead in liver, blood and kidney were observed. Supplementation of cellulose, ginseng and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol to the lead groups showed the protective effect significantly in the weight of liver but no influence in hemoglobin levels. Ginseng especially decreased the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity to normal level. The three supplemented diets reduced the lead accumulation in kidney and blood, but not in liver.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.306-315
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• 1996

This study was performed to develop the biological treatment technology of wastewater polluted with heavy metals. The lead-tolerant microorganism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa which possessed the ability to accumulate lead, was isolated from the industrial wastewater polluted with various heavy metals. The characteristics of lead accumulation in the cells and the recovery of the lead there from were investigated. Removal rate of lead from the solution containing 100mg/l of lead by the lead-tolerant microorganism was more than 97% at 48 hours after inoculation with the microorganism. A large number of the electron-dense granules were found mainly on the cell wall and cell membrane fractions, when determined by transmission electron microscopy. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the electron-dense granules were lead complex with the substances binding heavy metals. The lead accumulated into cells was not desorbed by distilled water, but more than 87% of the lead accumulated was desorbed by 0.1M-EDTA. The residues of the cells after combustion at $550^{\circ}C$ amounted to about 30% of the dry weight of the cells. EDS analysis showed that the residues were relatively pure lead compounds containing more than 86% of lead.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.102-108
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of dietary lead (Pb) supplementation and feeding period on growth performance, organ weight, and Pb accumulation in pigs. Methods: In a 56-day feeding experiment, a total of 48 barrows with initial body weight 10.4±0.6 kg were allotted to 2 dietary treatments (0 and 200 mg/kg of supplemental Pb) in a completely randomized design with 6 replicates. Body weight and feed intake were recorded to calculate growth performance. At the end of each 14 day-period (on days 14, 28, 42, and 56), an animal was randomly selected from each pen and slaughtered to collect blood samples, hair samples, left 5th rib, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, and longissimus dorsi muscle samples. Results: Average daily gain and average daily feed intake were reduced (p<0.05) by supplemental Pb during the day 42 to 56. Relative kidney weight to body weight was linearly increased with increasing feeding period in pigs fed the Pb-supplemented diet, but not in pigs fed the control diet (p<0.05). The Pb concentrations in hair, left 5th rib, kidneys, and lungs were linearly increased with longer feeding period in pigs fed the Pb-supplemented diet, but not in pigs fed the control diet (p<0.01). Conclusion: Dietary Pb supplementation caused growth retardation and Pb accumulation in most organs, particularly in hair, bone, and kidneys in a time-dependent manner.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.51-64
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• 1988

It has been suggested that calcium is only one of many metals that compete with toxic metals in the body. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the influence of water hardness on accumulation of heavy metals in rats. The seventy-five rats were divided into control and case groups. Case group was subdivided into four subgroups in proportion to the concentration of water hardness respectively, such as, 0, 250, 500, 1000ppm. Control group was fed on only deionized water, but case groups were fed on hard water with ionized heavy metals (Cd 150mg + Pb 300mg + Cu 300mg/l) for 20, 40, 60 days. The concentrations of cadmium, lead and copper were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer 2380) in livers and kidneys. The results of the study are summarized as following 1. The concentration of cadmium accumulation showed the tendency of decrease in proportion to water hardness in both livers and kidneys of rats having been fed for only 60 days, respectively. 2. In only livers of rats having been fed for 60 days, essential metal, copper had the tendency of decrease according as hardness in water. 3. It was impossible to compare case with control about the tendency of lead accumulation because there was no difference between the two in livers and kidneys respectively.