• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.175-176
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• 2004

To develope of efficient method for decontaminating of lead ions from industrial wastewater, treatment of aqueous lead solution with magnetic beads was investigated. Immobilization of carboxyl groups on tile surface of magnetic beads was carried out to introduce chelate effect between lead ions and beads. Experiments were performed with lead solutions and magnetic beads at pH 6. Lead ions were extracted during 1 hour, After extraction, magnetic beads were separated from water by outer magnetic force and the solution was analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Over 90 % of lead ions could be removed from aqueous solution after beads application. This result indicate that magnetic beads can be used as a efficient method for removing lead ions from industrial wastewater.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.89-92
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• 2005

The analytic possibility of mobile lead contained in soil has been studied using carboxylated magnetic beads. Extraction of heavy metal was performed to contaminated soil that has been collected and supplied for tests. As experiment materials, soil sample, distilled water and magnetic beads were only used. It means that the lead was extracted under neutral condition. In this condition, only the mobile fraction of lead could be extracted by magnetic beads. The mobile lead in the soil was quickly combined with magnetic beads in the mixture process. Then, the magnetic beads were dissolved into acids after collection by external magnetic force, and the lead combined with the beads was eluted and analyzed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS). In the results of extraction experiments for 3 sandy soils, the efficiency using beads was similar to or higher than that of EDTA (Ethylendiamintetraacetic acid), which is normally used for analyzing mobile heavy metal concentration in soil. With this, it was shown that this method is a more accurate and simple method to analyze mobile lead when analyzing mobile heavy metal concentration in sandy soil, rather than conventional method using EDTA.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.83-87
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• 2001

In this study, the characteristics of lead removal by PVA and alginate bead which used widely as immobilizing agents were investigated, and the difference of removal amounts between pure PVA/alginate bead and Sargassum thunbergii immobilized bead was studied. All PVA beads, pure and S. thunbergii immobilized, reached an equilibrium state in about 1 hour, and S. thunbergii immobilized bead adsorbed more lead than pure one. But in the case of alginate beads, they needed much time, about 5 hours, to reach an equilibrium state, and adsorbed lead four times higher than PVA beads. Therefore, it was considered that alginate beads had more mass transfer resistance and function groups which adsorb lead such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and etc. than PVA bead. To examine the continuous usage of alginate beads, the process of adsorption/desorption of lead was conducted repeatedly. As the process proceeded, the amounts of lead adsorption decrease, so it was indicated that the non-desorbed lead from alginate bead at first adsorption/desorption process remained constantly.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2001

알긴산은 일반적으로 미생물의 고정화에 널리 사용되는 biopolymer이다. 본 연구는 구연산 생산균인 Aspergillus niger를 calcium alginate로 고정화한 beads로 납의 흡착 특성을 조사하였다. A. niger beads는 $CaCl_2$를 사용하여 주사기로 제조하였으며 이 beads를 납제거에 이용하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 즉, A. niger를 구연산 생성배지에서 1일에서 7일까지 배양한 후 제조한 beads로 납흡착량을 측정한 결과는 3일간 배양된 곰팡이 beads에서 가장 높았다. 발아되지 않은 beads와 3일간 배양된 beads로 시간에 따른 납흡착량을 정량한 결과 30분까지는 그 흡착량이 동일하게 급격히 증가하였으며 그 후 발아되지 않은 beads는 더 이상 흡착이 일어나지 않았으나 3일간 배양된 곰팡이 beads는 시간이 지남에 따라 천천히 계속 흡착하여 1시간 후에는 480 ppm까지 흡착하였다. 납흡착시 최적 pH와 온도는 각각 6과 $35^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. 납용액 50 ml (500 ppm)이 든 250 ml 삼각플라스크에 beads $50{\sim}100$개가 최적이었으며 그 이상에서는 납흡착율이 감소하였다. 중금속에 대한 흡착율은 납> 구리> 카드뮴 순이었으며 0.1 M $CaCl_2$, 0.1 M NaOH 및 0.1 M KOH의 전처리의 효과는 없었으며 0.1 HCI로 곰팡이 bead의 납탈착하여 beads를 재사용이 가능하였다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2014

전국 사찰이나 폐사지의 탑주변에서 납으로 만들어진 납환(납구슬)이 약 30여 점 이상 출토되었고, 납환의 제작시기 및 제작목적에 대해서는 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. 이번 연구에서는 납환 11점에 대한 성분분석 및 납동위원소비분석을 통해 제작방법 및 동위원소적인 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. 납환은 반구형의 주형 2개를 이용하여 제작되었으며, 납 농도는 96%이상의 높은 순도를 보여준다. 11개 납환은 크기, 성분 및 주조방법 등에서 유사한 경향성을 보였다. 납동위원소비 분석결과에 따른 원료물질의 산지는 한반도 영역 외 지역으로 추정된다. 또한 납동위원소비 분석 자료에 의해 11개의 납환은 2개의 그룹으로 나뉘어지는데, 이를 원료 물질의 혼합과 연관시킨다면 그룹별 제작시기 또는 장소의 차이로 인해 발생한 것으로 추정된다. 이번 연구결과를 기초자료로 하여 추가적인 납환의 과학적인 분석과 문헌사학적인 연구를 병행한다면 납환의 제작방법이나 제작목적을 밝히는 연구에 크게 기여할 것으로 생각된다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2018

The yellow crystalline material present in yellow and green glass beads excavated from sites in the Baekje region of Korea was previously analyzed through scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, revealing that the yellow crystalline material was $PbSnO_3$. This material is a pigment that is rarely seen in the Korean peninsula. Furthermore, some studies have been published on the provenance of lead in this material, which revealed no relationship to Korea, China, or Japan. In this study, we collected all accessible results of analyses on the lead isotope ratio of yellow and green glass beads excavated from the Korean peninsula, specifically from 7 sites in the Baekje region(located in the vicinity of Seoul, Wanju, Hwaseong, Osan, Gongju, Buyeo, and Iksan) and 2 sites in the Silla region(located in the vicinity of Gyeongju and Changnyeong). We subsequently investigated the lead provenance of the opacifying agents in the glass beads through comparison with the current extent of the galena data accumulated for the East Asian region, including Korea, China, and Japan, and for Thailand(Kanchanaburi Province), Southeast Asia. Our analysis determined that the lead provenance of the glass beads excavated from the Korean peninsula was Thailand(Kanchanaburi Province). Beyond our results, further studies should seek to determine the production sites of the glass beads. Obtaining and comparing the scientific analyses of glass beads from India and Southeast Asia would enable research on the glass beads trade through the maritime silk road.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.335-345
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• 2009

은평 뉴타운 유적 토광묘에서 출토된 유리구슬 60점에 대하여 성분조성, 납동위원소비를 주사전자현미경-에너지분산형분광기와 열이온화질량분석기로 분석하여 성분조성별 차이점과 납유리를 제작할 때 사용한 납의 산지를 추정코자 하였다. 성분조성을 분석한 결과 출토유리는 크게 포타쉬 유리($K_2O$-CaO-$SiO_2$)와 포타쉬납유리($K_2O$-PbO-$SiO_2$)계통으로 분류됨을 확인할 수 있었으며, III-3지구 1005호 토광묘에서 출토된 시료는 유리가 아니라 석영으로 판단된다. II-3지구 101호 토광묘와 III-3지구 908호 토광묘에서 출토된 무색투명한 9점의 납유리는 성분조성이 매우 일정하며 오차가 작아 동일한 원료로 동일 장소에서 함께 제작한 것으로 보인다. 주성분분석(PCA)결과에서도 출토된 유리구슬은 크게 두 개의 그룹인 포타쉬 유리($K_2O$-CaO-$SiO_2$)와 포타쉬납유리($K_2O$-PbO-$SiO_2$)로 나뉘어진다. 즉, 은평 뉴타운 유적은 주요 성분조성이 상이한 두 계통의 유리구슬로 이루어져 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 납동위원소비를 분석하여 납유리를 제작할 때 사용한 납의 산지를 추정한 결과 대부분의 납유리는 중국 북부 지역의 방연석을 사용한 것으로 나타났다.

• Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.3-8
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• 2012

Chemical compositions and lead isotope ratios for four glass bead samples of Seokga-tap were analyzed and the results were organized. Among 4 glass beads found in the Seokga-tap, 3 pieces were lead glass. Manufacturing method was to firstly grind pebbles finely and mix lead ore to be melt at $740{\sim}760^{\circ}C$. The mixed ratio of silica and lead was 3:7. Moreover, The evaluation on the lead isotope ratio indicated that two lead glass pieces used lead ore from northern Korea. One piece has the direction of southern Korea lead ore, but it requires a further review. One glass bead of Seokga-tap was brown and it was potash lead glass ($K_2O-PbO-SiO_2$) System. The mixed ratio was approximately 50:10:40 for silica, natural saltpeter, and lead, respectively. Lead isotope ratio data fell within the lead ore from northern China. Therefore, it was concluded that potash lead glass found in the Seokga-tap was produced in northern area of China at the end of $10^{th}$ century and transferred to the Seokga-tap.

• 공업화학
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.536-545
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• 2019

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the adsorptive removal of Pb(II) from an aqueous solution using a mixture of spent coffee grounds and chitosan on beads (CC-beads). Various parameters affecting the adsorption process of Pb(II) using CC-beads were investigated. Based on the experimental data, the adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms were analyzed for their adsorption rate, maximum adsorption capacity, adsorption energy and adsorption strength. Moreover, the entropy, enthalpy and free energy were also calculated by thermodynamic analysis. According to the FT-IR analysis, a CC-bead has a very suitable structure for easy heavy metal adsorption. The process of adsorbing Pb(II) using CC-beads was suitable for pseudo-second order kinetic and Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 163.51 (mg/g). The adsorption of Pb(II) using CC-beads was closer to chemical adsorption than physical adsorption. In addition, the adsorption of Pb(II) on CC-beads was exothermic and spontaneous in nature. CC-beads are economical because they are inexpensive and also the waste can be recycled, which is very significant in terms of the continuous circulation of resources. Thus, CC-beads can compete with other adsorbents.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.63-73
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• 2016

본 연구는 거창 정장리 유적에서 복원이 불가능한 유리구슬 편 24점과 완형 유리구슬 26점에 대하여 형태적 특성 관찰과 화학 조성 분석을 통해 재질 및 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. 유리구슬의 형태적 특성은 색상, 크기, 풍화 상태, 제작 기법에 따라 크게 다섯 가지 유형으로 구분된다. 화학 조성에 따른 분류에서 첫 번째와 두 번째 유형은 소다유리군, 세 번째 유형은 포타쉬유리군, 네 번째와 다섯 번째 유형은 납바륨유리군으로 확인된다. 이를 통해 거창 정장리 유적의 유리구슬은 형태적 특성에 따라 화학 조성이 변화되는 양상을 보이며 다양한 화학 조성이 확인되었다. 본 유적의 유리문화의 흐름을 살펴보면 납바륨유리군 II형과 포타쉬유리군 I, II형이 나타나는 유구는 비교적 선행 시기인 목곽묘 단계, 소다유리군과 납바륨유리군 III형이 나타나는 유구는 비교적 후행 시기인 목곽묘 단계의 유리 문화가 형성된 것으로 추정할 수 있다.