• 전기학회논문지P
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.214-220
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• 2009

Battery is one of the emergency power and its reliability is a very important to keep up the minimum of building capabilities in case of interruption of electric power. This paper, a comparison was made between three different types of instrument on 30 valve regulated lead acid(VRLA) TYPE 12[V]/100[AH] batteries, and then their indicated measured values(impedance/conductance) were compared with the measured capacity of the battery. As a result, Measured value of instrument is strongly related to battery's capacity in the same group battery and Impedance/Conductance guide line for diagnosis of lead-acid battery's state of health(SOH) is a different from each battery guoup.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제49권8호
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• pp.432-441
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• 2000

It is difficult to analyze the charging characteristics of the lead-acid battery, because of the influences by various non-linear and time-variant parameters. In this study, the charging characteristics of high capacity industrial lead-acid battery 630 Ah was investigated through experiments with respect to the variations of temperature and the aged state of battery during the charging process. The database of those characteristics is established from the results of experiments, and the fuzzy logic charging algorithm is suggested using them. The results of experiment shows that the industrial lead-acid batteries can be always fully charged within the saved charging time by the proposed charging control algorithm adapting to the variations of charging condition. This new charging concept will be useful for developing the advanced battery charger improving the efficiency of storing electricity.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2020

AGM 연축전지(Absorbent Glass Mat Lead-Acid Battery)의 수명 특성을 결정짓는 양극 활물질(Active Material)의 주요 구성 결정인 4BS(Tetrabasic lead Sulfate)의 입자 크기를 제어하기 위해 4BS Nano Seed(NS)를 적용 중에 있다. 4BS NS 적용 시, 나노 입자 특성상 분산 안정성이 저하되어 제 기능을 다하지 못한다. 이를 개선하기 위해 기존 첨가제인 광명단(Red Lead)에 나노 입자의 4BS seed가 포함된 Incorporated Nano Seed(INS)를 함량별로 첨가하여 양극판 분석과 제품 성능을 평가하였다. INS 함량이 증가할수록 4BS 입자 크기는 작아지면서 균일해지는 특성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 반응 비표면적 증가에 따른 고율 방전 특성도 향상되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 극판 제조 공정에서의 개별 극판에 대한 입도 분포의 편차를 확인하기 위해, AGM 연축전지 200 대 대한 내부 저항 및 전압 검사를 진행하였으며 제품 제조 공정 품질 편차가 감소하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2012

The electrochemical performance of positive pole grids of lead-acid batteries made of Pb-0.08%Ca-1.1%Sn alloys without and with 0.1 wt% of each of Cu, As or Sb and with 0.1 wt% of Cu, As and Sb combined was investigated by electrochemical methods in 4.0 M $H_2SO_4$. The corrodibility of alloys under open-circuit conditions and constant current charging of the positive pole, the positive pole gassing and the self-discharge of the charged positive pole were studied. All impurities (Cu, As, Sb) were found to decrease the corrosion resistance, $R_{corr}$ after 1/2 hour corrosion, but after 24 hours an improvement in $R_{corr}$ was recorded for Sb containing alloy and the alloy with the three impurities combined. While an individual impurity was found to enhance oxygen evolution reaction, the impurities combined significantly inhibition this reaction and the related water loss problem was improved. Impedance results were found helpful in identification of the species involved in the charging/discharging and the self-discharge of the positive pole. Impurities individually or combined were found to increase the self-discharge during polarization (33-68%), where Sb containing alloy was the worst and impurities combined alloy was the least. The corrosion of the positive pole grid in the constant current charging was found to increase in the presence of impurities by 5-10%. Under open-circuit, the self-discharge of the charged positive grids was found to increase significantly (92-212%) in the presence of impurities, with Sb-containing alloy was the worst. The important result of the study is that the harmful effect of the studied impurities combined was not additive but sometimes lesser than any individual impurity.

• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 전력전자학회 2016년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.59-60
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• 2016

Flooded lead acid batteries are still very popular in the industry because of their low cost as compared to their counterparts. State of Charge (SOC) estimation is of great importance for a flooded lead acid battery to ensure its safe working and to prevent it from over-charging or over-discharging. Different types of Kalman Filters are widely used for SOC estimation of batteries. The values of process and measurement noise covariance of a filter are usually calculated by trial and error method and taken as constant throughout the estimation process. While in practical cases, these values can vary as well depending upon the dynamics of the system. Therefore an Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter (AUKF) is introduced in which the values of the process and measurement noise covariance are updated in each iteration based on the residual system error. A comparison of traditional and Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter is presented in the paper. The results show that SOC estimation error by the proposed method is further reduced by 3 % as compared to traditional Unscented Kalman Filter.

• 태양에너지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.43-53
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• 1997

Characteristics and properties of batteries applicable to the photovoltaic system are described in this paper. The use of a number of different types of batteries and designs depends on the many and varied requirements for battery power and the different environmental and electrical conditions under which they must operate. Most of the batteries used in PV systems are lead/acid batteries, though nickel/cadmium batteries are used for small applications in locations with extreme climates or where high reliability is essential such as spacecraft. The vanadium redox battery has been acknowledged as a promising energy storage system for a wide range of applications.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.580-585
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• 2019

배터리는 ESS, 전기자동차 및 무정전 전원 백업 시스템 등의 다양한 분야에서 사용이 증가하고 있다. 납산배터리는 에너지밀도가 낮지만, 신뢰성이 높고 저가격의 이점으로 대용량 전력백업 장비에 가장 많이 사용되는 배터리이다. 배터리의 사용에 따라 노화가 진행되면 충전 가능 용량(SoH)이 줄어들게 되어 상태를 추정하는 것이 매우 중요하며, 배터리의 내부저항으로 SoH를 추정하는 방법을 많이 사용한다. 본 논문에서는 대표적인 대용량 무정전 전원장치인 IDC를 위한 배터리 모니터링 시스템(BMS)을 제안하였다. 내부저항을 측정하는 간단한 알고리즘을 제안하고, BMS 시스템 구성을 위한 CPU 및 아날로그 회로 구성과 신호처리 알고리즘에 대한 연산 블록도를 보였다. 실제 IDC 현장에 적용한 측정결과 사례를 제시하여 제안한 방법의 유용함을 보였다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1989년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.277-283
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• 1989

For the battery energy storage system (BESS), battery is one of most important parts. Various new type batteries for load shifting are under developing. The lead acid battery technology status such as structure, charge and discharge characteristics, life cycle etc. is reviewed and research trend is also introduced.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.296-308
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• 2003

The capacity and long life of gel electrolyte batteries is connected with gas recombination producting $PbO_2$ and Pb electrode. We were prepared with phosphoric acid gel electrolyte to know gel characteristics per density to assemble VRLA batteries. We studied by measuring electrolyte dispersion using Brewster-angle microscope(BAM), charge-discharge cycle and electrode structure using scanning election microscope(SEM) per electrolyte density. As a results, phosphoric acid density 1.210 was excellent gel dispersion in sol condition, electrode condition after fifty cycles in this study.

• 전기학회논문지P
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2014

Function of battery bank stores energy for DC load in general, and DC power system of the nuclear power plant is used to supply DC loads for safety- featured instrumentation and control such as inverter, class 1E power system control and indication, and station annunciation. Class 1E DC power system must provide a power for the design basis accident conditions, and adequate capacity must be available during loss of AC power and subsequent safe shutdown of the plant. In present, batteries of Class 1E DC power system of the nuclear power plant uses lead-acid batteries. Class 1E batteries of nuclear power plants in Korea are summarized in terms of specification, such as capacity, discharge rate, bank configuration and discharge end voltage, etc. This paper summarizes standards of determining battery size for the nuclear power plant, and analyzes duty cycle for the class 1E DC power system of nuclear power plant. Then, battery cell size is calculated as 2613Ah according to the standard. In addition, this paper analyzes performance test results during past 13 years and shows performance degradation in the battery bank. Performance tests in 2001 and 2005 represent that entire battery cells do not reach the discharge-end voltage. Howeyer, the discharge-end voltage is reached in 14.7% of channel A (17 EA), 13.8% of channel B (16 EA), 5.2% of channel C (6 EA) and 16.4% of channel D (19 EA) at 2011 performance test. Based on the performance test results analysis and size calculation, battery capacity and degradation by age in Korearn nuclear power plant is discussed and would be used for new design.