• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1995

This investigation was conducted to determine the effect of the optimum planting date and place for good seed production on growth variation, grain yields, different of variety, infection of seed by fungi, and seed germination and vigor after room storage. Early maturity Korean soybean variety, Keunolkong, and introduced vegetable soybean variety, Fukura-edamame, were planted at field of YAES. and high cool land of Sajapyong in Milyang（altitude, 850m） on May 15 （early）, June 15 （mid.）, and July 15 （late） in 1991. The emergence and vegetative period gradually increased in the early planting date. The grain yield, seed weight, pod number, healthy grain yield also increased when Keunolkong was planted on early date. The healthy seed rate, Keunolkong increased in the early planting date, whereas that of Fukura also increased in the late planting date. Infection ratio of grain to phomopsis seed decay （Phomopsis spp. ' Diaporthe phaseolorum） in Fukura steadily increased in the early planting date. Infection ratio of grain to purple seed stain （Cercospora kikuchii） generally increased in the mid and late planting date. The seed germination and seedling vigor after room storage from five to six months gradually increased in the late planting date. And seed germination of Fukura rapidly decreased in the early planting date. Therefore, the optimum planting date for good seed production in early maturity vegetable soybean was June 15 in terms of harvesting time avoid a high temprature and humidity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.14.1-14.7
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• 2014

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of supplemental urea withdrawal on characteristics of digestion (Trial 1) and growth performance (Trial 2) of feedlot cattle during the last 40 days on feed. Treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet supplemented with urea to provide urea fermentation potential (UFP) of 0, 0.6, and 1.2%. In Trial 1, six Holstein steers ($160{\pm}10kg$) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square experiment. Decreasing supplemental urea decreased (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.05$) ruminal OM digestion. This effect was mediated by decreases (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.05$) in ruminal digestibility of NDF and N. Passage of non-ammonia and microbial N (MN) to the small intestine decreased (linear effect, P = 0.04) with decreasing dietary urea level. Total tract digestion of OM (linear effect, P = 0.06), NDF (linear effect, P = 0.07), N (linear effect, P = 0.04) and dietary DE (linear effect, P = 0.05) decreased with decreasing urea level. Treatment effects on total tract starch digestion, although numerically small, likewise tended (linear effect, P = 0.11) to decrease with decreasing urea level. Decreased fiber digestion accounted for 51% of the variation in OM digestion. Ruminal pH was not affected by treatments averaging 5.82. Decreasing urea level decreased (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.05$) ruminal N-NH and blood urea nitrogen. In Trial 2, 90 crossbred steers ($468kg{\pm}8$), were used in a 40 d feeding trial (5 steers/pen, 6 pens/treatment) to evaluate treatment effects on final-phase growth performance. Decreasing urea level did not affect DMI, but decreased (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.03$) ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE. It is concluded that in addition to effects on metabolizable amino acid flow to the small intestine, depriving cattle of otherwise ruminally degradable N (RDP) during the late finishing phase may negatively impact site and extent of digestion of OM, depressing ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.59-83
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• 2015

This study examined the effects of maternal parenting behavior, relationships with friends, and relationships with teachers on the subjective well-being of children in late childhood. A total of 299 fifth and sixth grade students at elementary school (141 boys and 158 girls) participated in this study. The subjects completed questionnaires on maternal parenting behavior, relationships with friends, relationships with teachers, and their subjective well-being. The data were analyzed by means of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results are as follows. First, maternal parenting behavior was found to have a direct effect on children's subjective well-being. Second, maternal parenting behavior was seen to have an indirect effect on children's subjective well-being through their relationships with friends. Third, maternal parenting behavior was found to have an indirect effect on children's subjective well-being through their relationships with their teachers. The findings from this study suggest that relationships factors established in both family and school need to be considered together in order to explain children's subjective well-being. In addition, this study emphasizes the relative importance of maternal parenting behavior in improving the subjective well-being of school-aged children, as compared to the relationships with both their friends and their teachers at school.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.61-74
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate analgesic effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (ZM) pharmacopuncture on formalin-induced pains in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and ICR-mice. Methods : The subjects were divided 8 weeks aged rats with constant pain sensitivity into five groups; normal (treated with normal saline at Taegye (KI3) and before injected with normal saline at hindpaw), Con-1 (treated with normal saline at KI3 before injected with formalin at hindpaw), Lido-1 (treated with lidocaine at KI3), ZMWG-1 (treated with Hot water extraction pharmacopuncture of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim at KI3), ZMEG-1 (treated with ethanol extraction pharmacopuncture of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim at KI3). After 35 minutes, we measured ultrasonic vocalization (USV) and enzyme activities of both Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in rat serum. In addition, Tail flick test is performed by injecting ICR mice at 5 weeks of age. And it classified into 4 groups (Con-2, Lido-2, ZMWG-2, ZMEG-2) according to the kind of drug (normal saline, lidocaine, ZMW, ZME). After each drug injection, we examined the reaction by placing the tail in water at $50^{\circ}C$. Results : ZME had analgesic effects in the early and late phase of USV during the formalin test. There were no significant differences between ZMEG-1 and Lido-1 in early and late phase of USV. Also, No significant differences observed in serum AST and ALT activity in ZMWG-1 and ZMEG-1 compared with Con-1. For tail-flick test, analgesic effect on warmth significantly increased in Lido-2 and ZMEG-2 compare to that of Con-2. Conclusion : ZME pharmacopuncture had analgesic effects on formalin-induced pain without liver toxicity. Also, tail-flick test suggest that ZME pharmacopuncture could be useful technique on analgesic effect on warmth and treatment of pains.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 1984

Effect of ripening methods and harvesting time on vitamin content of 5 tomato varieties was investigated in 1978 and 1979. Ascorbic acid content in the breaker ripened tomatoes was significantly higher than that in the vine ripened tomatoes, and the result was consistent for two consecutive years. Ascorbic acid content in the vine ripened tomatoes markedly increased as the season progressed, early harvested tomatoes containing significantly less ascorbic acid. Carotene content was not significantly affected by the ripening method. Higher carotene content, however, was observed for tomatoes harvested in the late season. This result could indicate the effect of temperature for carotenogenesis around the harvest time. Thiamin and riboflavin contents in the vine ripened tomatoes were significantly higher than those in the breaker ripened tomatoes in the 1978 season, but these differences were not observed in the 1979 season. Thiamin and riboflavin contents in the vine ripened tomatoes decreased considerably as the season progressed. Thiamin and riboflavin contents in tomatoes harvested in the early season were significantly higher than those in the mid and late seasons.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.71-74
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• 2014

Purpose The prominent mandible angle, otherwise known as "square face", has been recognized as an aesthetic problem that needs correction by many in the Asian community. Many surgeons considered that mandible angle ostectomy alone, brings about hypotrophy of the masseter muscle. However, it was only proven indirectly (by clinical experience and histological animal experiments) and not objectively. In this study, we evaluated the volume of masseter muscle to prove the effect, objectively. Materials and method Computed tomography (CT) images were used to measure the masseter muscle volume of normal female group (n=6), and of female patient group n=8, preoperative and early & late postoperative volumes) presenting the symptom of prominent mandible angle. The data was analyzed statistically by two-sample t-test and paired t-test using SAS (version 8.2). Results In normal female group, volume average was $16,142{\pm}2,829.8mm^3$. In patient group, preoperative volume averaged $24,447{\pm}4,544.5mm^3$ (p<0.0001), early postoperative volume measured average of $31,966{\pm}50,421mm^3$ which is a 30% increase from the preoperative volume (p<0.0001). Late postoperative measurement was $20,202{\pm}4,092.3mm^3$, which is a 20% decrease from the preoperative volume (p<0.0006). Conclusion The bone reduction of prominent mandible angle induce the hypotrophic effect of masseter muscle after long term follow up (5 more months). This result mean that the result of mandible angle contouring surgery can be considered as combined effect of bony angle reduction and subsequent masseter muscle hypotrophy.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 1995

Growth factors (GFs) produced by the embryo or by the maternal reproductive tract have been reported to regulate the embryonic development and differentiation. Among GFs, EGF as a mitogen plays a role in mitosis and functional differentiation of trophectoderm cells in mouse. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of EGF on development of mouse embryos and to localize EGF in the mouse oocytes and embryos, which has been reported to be detected in the reproductive tract in mammals. To investigate the effect of EGF on the development of the embryo, mouse 2-cell embryos were cultured to blastocysts stage in Ham's F10 medium, treated with EGF(10-50 ng/ml) for 72 hrs. Immunocytochemistry was performed from oocyte to blastocyst stage with anti-EGF and anti-Mouse IgG, in order to determine the stage which EGF would be expressed in mouse. Exogenous EGF (more than 10 ng/ml) in the culture medium improved the developmental and hatching rates in the mouse embryos. As a result of immunocytochemistry, the embryonic EGF was expressed after the late 4-cell stage. EGF is thought to enhance preimplantation embryonic development and hatching. Exogenous EGF in the culture medium is thought to activate EGF receptor in the late 4-cell embryos and to enhance blastulation and hatching in mouse embryos. It is concluded that EGF enhances the developmental and hatching rates in the mouse embryos.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.388-401
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the total digestible nutrients (TDN) level of commercial concentrates on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat composition of late fattening Hanwoo steers. A total of 28 steers were randomly assigned to one of four dietary groups; T1 (73.30% TDN), T2 (74.50% TDN), T3 (76.40% TDN), and T4 (77.10% TDN). Average daily gain (ADG) was slightly but not significantly higher in the T2 than in the other treatments. Dry matter intake (DMI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in the T2 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Carcass back fat thickness was thicker in the T4 and marbling score was higher in the T2 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The TDN level of concentrates had no effect on the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle. The finding of this study indicate that less than 74% or greater than 75% TDN in the commercial concentrate did not contribute to improve ADG, FCR, marbling score; therefore, in the present study, the recommendable TDN level in the commercial concentrate for late fattening period was 74% to 75% in terms of growth performance and marbling score of Hanwoo steer.

• Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 2023

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the structural relationships among mothers' parenting practices, child's self-esteem, and child's well-being and to explore the mediating effects of mothers' parenting practices on child's well-being through child's self-esteem. Research design, data, and methodology: Data from the 10th and 13th waves of the Korean Child Study Panel were used for the study, and data from 1,213 mothers and child were analyzed using SPSS 28.0 and the R statistical program. Results: First, in the relationship between the mother's parenting practices, the child's self-esteem, and well-being, the mother's authoritative parenting practices were positively correlated with the child's self-esteem and well-being. Second, the mother's authoritative parenting practices in preschool directly influenced the child's self-esteem in late school, and the child's self-esteem directly influenced the child's well-being. Third, mothers' authoritative parenting practices in the preschool years had a static effect on child's Well-being through the mediation of child's Self-Esteem in the late school years. The direct mediation effect of the Child's Self-Esteem was confirmed. Conclusions: To promote child's Well-being, mothers should adopt authoritative parenting practices with affection and control and try to improve child's self-esteem. In addition, programs that focus on improving child's self-esteem can be expected to enhance school-aged child's well-being.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.77-77
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• 2017

The sensitivities to photoperiod and temperature give guidance to choose an adaptable genotype for specific area in soybean production. However, there is insufficient information about the variation of sensitivities to photoperiod and temperature with wide genetic background. We investigated the sensitivities to photoperiod and temperature using 82 soybean mini core collection lines provided by NIAS gene bank of Japan. The seeds were sown on 28 May and 4 August in 2015, 24 May and 5 August in 2016 at field in Saga, Japan ($33^{\circ}$ 14' 32'' N, $130^{\circ}$ 17' 28'' E) for the early (average photoperiod and temperature: 15.2 h and $25.1^{\circ}C$) and late (13.6 h and $27.2^{\circ}C$) sowing respectively. The plants were also grown in the growth chamber under 12 h photoperiod with three temperature regimes (day/night temperature: $25/18^{\circ}C$, $28/22^{\circ}C$ and $33/28^{\circ}C$). Emergence date, days to first flower were recorded with 10 plants in the field and 2 plants in the growth chamber for each line. The data for daily average temperatures and photoperiodic hours were collected from weather station. The days from emergence to first flower open (DEF) were varied from 23-92 (2015 and 2016) in early sowing whereas 18-68 (2015) and 18-59 (2016) in late sowing. The shortened DEF in late sowing could be caused by both short photoperiod and high temperature in late sowing. However, the accumulated temperatures during emergence to first flower open (ATEF) were less variable in comparison with DEF, suggesting the ATEF is dependent mostly on the photoperiod. The ATEF were found same between early and late sowing in some early flowering lines (e.g. $686.7^{\circ}C$ and $687.6^{\circ}C$ in HEUKDAELIPS, $728.8^{\circ}C$ and $706.3^{\circ}C$ in WILLIAMS'82) which indicated that these would be insensitive to day length. In the growth chamber experiment, the variation in both DEF and ATEF was a little greater at low temperature ($25/18^{\circ}C$) but almost same at middle ($28/22^{\circ}C$) and high ($33/28^{\circ}C$) temperatures. Since the less differences in ATEF were found between the three temperatures, it is suggested that the temperature plays only a quantitative effect on the flower initiation, and the large ATEF in some lines may indicate the stronger photosensitivity even at 12 h or longer juvenile phase. Some lines with the lowest ATEF regardless of growth conditions, such as FISKEBY V, KE 32 (ATEF: 559.6-666.5, 587.7-709.5) might lack the sensitivities to both photoperiod and temperature. The results suggested that soybean genotypes has wider variation in sensitivity to photoperiod, whereas less variation to temperature.