• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.684-693
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• 2012

The stormwater runoff from the increasing paved roads and vehicles resulted in the increase in the pollutants load to adjacent water bodies. The granular media filtration facilities are the most widely adopted to minimize the non-point source pollution from motorways. It is essential to consider the severe variation of hydraulic condition, suspended solid (SS) characteristics, and the medium characteristics for stormwater management filter. In this study, different types of media, including sand, were tested and the performance of downflow sand filters was investigated under various linear velocity and influent solid particle size. Results showed that the best medium is the coarse sand with large grain size, which showed the specific SS removal before clogging of more than $8.498kg/m^2$, the SS removal of higher than 95%, and minimum head loss. Linear velocity did not affect the total solid removal, while the performance was improved when fine solid was introduced. It is suggested that the life of a downflow sand filter bed can be extended by deep bed filtration when influent particles are fine. However, the captured particles can be washed out after a long period of operation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.167-183
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• 1987

The anatomical structure of the Skeleton of thoracic limb of thirty-one adult Korean native goats(body weight: 14~17kg) was observed after skeletal preparation, and the osteometry was performed in each bone. The results were as follows; 1. The thoracic limb of the Korean native goat was composed of scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges and sesamoid bones. 2. The scapula was flat and triangular in shape. There were no distinct tuber of spine and acromion in the spine. The subscapular fossa was deep and triangular in shape and the vertebral border was sigmoid form. The coracoid bone was formed as the coracoid process at the medial aspect of the supraglenoid tubercle but the clavicle wa.s not observed. The left and right scapular indexes were 57.92 and 58.31 and the glenoid cavity indexes were 89.23 and 86.82, respectively. 3. The greater tubercle of the humerus was devided into cranial and caudal parts. The third tubercle was observed and the face for the infraspinatus muscle was rectangular form. The left and right humerus indexes were 32.44 and 32.63, the head indexes were 94.13, 96.62 and the trochlear-epidondyle indexes were 67.32 and 65.81, respectively. 4. The radius and ulna were fused entirely except at the broad proximal and narrow distal interosseous spaces. The ulna was longer than the radius, and its reduced body and distal end were fused at the caudomedial surface of the radius. 5. The carpal bones were six in number. There were radial, intermediate, ulnar, accessory, second-third and fourth carpal hones in carpal bones. 6. The metacarpal bone was composed of a large metacarpal bone resulted from the fusion of the third and fourth metacarpal bones, and there was a metacarpal tubercle at the dorsolateral part of the proximal end. There were no vestiges of the second and fifth metacarpal bones. 7. The digits were composed of third and fourth digits and each digit was composed of the proximal, middle and distal phalanges. 8. The sesamoid bones were six in number. There were two at the fetlock joint and one at the coffine joint palmarly in each digit. 9. The ratios of the lengths among the scapula, humerus, antebrachium and metacarpal bone were 1.42 : 1.47 : 1.77 : 1.00 in the left and 1.42 : 1.45 : 1.77 : 1.00 in the right, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.2321-2326
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• 2011

Cervical vertebrae are a complex structure and an important part of human body connecting the head and the trunk. In this paper, we propose a method to extract sternocleidomastoid muscle from ultrasonography images of cervical vertabrae automatically. In our method, Region of Interests(ROI) is extracted first from an ultrasonography image after removing unnecessary auxiliary information such as metrics. Then we apply Ends-in search stretching algorithm in order to enhance the contrast of brightness. Average binarization is then applied to those pixels which its brightness is sufficiently large. The noise part is removed by image processing algorithms. After extracting fascia encloses sternocleidomastoid muscle, target muscle object is extracted using the location information of fascia according to the number of objects in the fascia. When only one object is to be extracted, we search downward first to extract the target muscle area and then search from right to left to extract the area and merge them. If there are two target objects, we extract first from the upper-bound of higher object to the lower-bound of lower object and then remove the fascia of the target object area. Smearing technique is used to restore possible loss of the fat area in the process. The thickness of sternocleidomastoid muscle is then calculated as the maximum thickness of those extracted objects. In this experiment with 30 real world ultrasonography images, the proposed method verified its efficacy and accuracy by health professionals.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 2017

Using both light and scanning electron microscopies, it was investigated on the visual cells as well as the eyes of Macropodus ocellatus (Pisces, Osphronemidae). This species had a circular lens and yellowish cornea. The eyes had $3.5{\pm}0.2mm$ which is $31.1{\pm}3.0%$ in a percentage of eye diameter relative to head length. The retina ($158.2{\pm}10.6{\mu}m$) was built of several layers, including the visual cell layer which consists of three types of cells: single cons ($27.8{\pm}1.6{\mu}m$) and equal double cone ($33.9{\pm}3.7{\mu}m$), and large rods ($57.3{\pm}1.3{\mu}m$). The visual cell layer then was classified into the correct pattern. All visual cells were clearly distinguished from two parts (inner and outer segments). The elongated rod cells were extend to the bottom of the retinal pigment epithelium. In scanning electron microscopy, the outer segment links to inner segment by so-called calyceal piles. The M. ocellatus single and double cones appearance form a flower-petal arrangement, which is a regular mosaic pattern that contains quadrilateral units by four double cones surrounding a single cone.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.210-214
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to measure the muscle architectural parameters of abdominal muscles in healthy individuals by rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) and to investigate their changes after bridging exercise in various environments. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The study included 40 healthy participants (19 men, 21 women). Subjects were randomly allocated to a stable surface group (SG, n=20) or an unstable surface group (UG, n=20). The participants assumed three positions in rest, bridging exercise with knee flexion $60^{\circ}$, and bridging exercise with knee flexion $90^{\circ}$ for the measurement of abdominal muscle thickness by RUSI. For the resting position, the participants held the head neutral in a hook-lying position and the dominant side was measured. For contraction, the participants performed the bridging exercise with the knee joint in $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ of flexion for 10 seconds each. Results: For transversus abdominis, external oblique muscle thickness, within the stable surface group and the unstable surface group, no significant contraction difference was observed in both the $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ bridge exercise conditions. Contraction difference of internal oblique muscle was significantly larger at $90^{\circ}$ than at $60^{\circ}$ within the SG (p<0.05). But within the UG, no significant contraction difference was shown. There was no significant contraction difference between the surface group and the unstable SG at $60^{\circ}$ condition and at $90^{\circ}$ condition in all measured muscles. Conclusions: The contraction difference is different for each muscle during bridge exercise with knee flexion $60^{\circ}$ and bridging exercise with knee flexion $90^{\circ}$. Muscle contraction difference is generally large when exercised on an unstable surface than a stable surface, but these are not statistically significant when bridging exercise is performed using dynamic air cushion for unstable surface.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1283-1294
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate nutritional status by anthropometric meas-urement and to assess the validity of indicators for nutritional status of preschool children. Health examinations, including blood and urine tests, were done for 799 childern aged 2 to 6 years. The mean anthropometric measurements of height, weight , head circumference, and chest circumference were 90.2cm, 13.9kg, 47.7cm, 50.9cm for 2 years (n=13), 94.8cm, 15.2kg, 43.3cm, 47.0cm for 3 years(n=125), 100.7cm, 16.4kg, 46.2cm, 50.5cm for 4 years(n=272), 106.5cm, 18.1kg, 48.8cm, 53.8cm for 5 years(n=253), 113.0cm 20.4kg, 50.4cm 56.9cm for 6 years(n=136), respectively. All anthropometric measureemnts were significantly different by age and sex. The results of physical examinations excluding dental examination were normal for all studied children. Urine test results were also normal for the subjects. The most common blood type was A and the rarest one was type AB. The mean hemoglobin concentration was 11.84g/dl for boys(n=398), 11.86g/dl for girls, and 11.85kg/dl for all. The percentage of childeren whose hemoglobin concentration was less than 11.0g/dl was 21.6% for boys and 18.9% for girls. The percentage of children whose height for age, weight for age, and weight for height were in the rang of median $\pm$1 standard devication(S.D) was 71.7% , 65.6%, and 67.0% for each indicator. Obese childeren whose weight for height or weigth for age was more than median +2S.D. were 5.2% while tall children whose height for age was more than median +2S.D, were 1.8% . Past and recent nutritional status of most children(87.2%) were assessed as normal by the combination of three indicators(height for age, weight for age, weight for height). The percentate of coincidence between for height) and one assessed by anthropometric measurements (height for age, weight for age, weight for height) and one assessed by physicial was 59.6%, 69.3% and 67.8% for each indicator, respectively. The distribution of subjects by height for age was significantly different between normal and anemic groups. With these results , the nutritional status of children the studied was normal. The anthropometric measurements reflected the nutritional status of childeren relatively well. In conclusion, in comparison with biochemical meausurements anthropometric measurements are relatively simple and effective indicators for nutritional assessement of children in large health and nutrition suveys in Korea.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.584-589
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• 2018

Secondary prevention via earlier detection would afford the greatest chance for a cure in premalignant lesions. We investigated the exomic profiles of non-malignant and malignant changes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and the genomic blueprint of human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven carcinogenesis in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Whole-exome (WES) and whole-genome (WGS) sequencing were performed on peripheral blood and adjacent non-tumor and tumor specimens obtained from eight Korean HNSCC patients from 2013 to 2015. Next-generation sequencing yielded an average coverage of $94.3{\times}$ for WES and $35.3{\times}$ for WGS. In comparative genomic analysis of non-tumor and tumor tissue pairs, we were unable to identify common cancer-associated early mutations and copy number alterations (CNA) except in one pair. Interestingly, in this case, we observed that non-tumor tonsillar crypts adjacent to HPV-positive OPSCC appeared normal under a microscope; however, this tissue also showed weak p16 expression. WGS revealed the infection and integration of high-risk type HPV16 in this tissue as well as in the matched tumor. Furthermore, WES identified shared and tumor-specific genomic alterations for this pair. Clonal analysis enabled us to infer the process by which this transitional crypt epithelium (TrCE) evolved into a tumor; this evolution was accompanied by the subsequent accumulation of genomic alterations, including an ERBB3 mutation and large-scale CNAs, such as 3q27-qter amplification and 9p deletion. We suggest that HPV16-driven OPSCC carcinogenesis is a stepwise evolutionary process that is consistent with a multistep carcinogenesis model. Our results highlight the carcinogenic changes driven by HPV16 infection and provide a basis for the secondary prevention of OPSCC.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

The ultrastructure of spermatogenesis and sperm in Chinese minnow, Rhynchocypris oxycephalus belonging to Leuciscinae was investigated by light and electron microscopes. The whitish testis was located between intestine and air bladder. The size of testis was major axis 2.3 cm, minor axis 6 mm. The testis contained numerous testicular cysts, and spermatogenesis was non-synchronized in these testicular cysts. In the case of spermatogonium, the nucleus was comparatively large ellipsoidal, and mitochondria showed a marked development. The size of primary spermatocyte was smaller than that of spermatogonia, and secondary spermatocyte was smaller than primary spermatocyte. The chromatin of spermatocyte was highly condensed according to their development. The nucleus with electron-dense was round shape. In spermiogenesis, flagella started to be formed and chromatin was more condensed. The mitochondria were rearranged in a middle piece. The sperm was formed by loss of cytoplasm. The head of mature sperm was a spherical shape and have not acrosome. The microtubules of flagella were arranged 9+2 structure. Also, the tail of sperm have not lateral fins.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 1998

This study was carried out to survey basic information of swine farms on the machine holdings. facility type. management of manure by farm scale and operation, and then to develop the mechanization model. Manual feeding was common for sows and nursing sows. but automation feeding was normally furnished for weaners. growing pigs and castrated male pigs. Water supplies was completely automated for all of the surveyed swine farms. Fully mechanized and automated system would not be feasible and affordable for the small scale farms breeding less than 500 heads. Because the environmental control for the nursing sows and weaner was important, some swine houses were constructed with the windowless type. However, the furnished rates ranged from 22.2% to 44.4% of the surveyed nursing sow and weaner houses at the farm scales. In the future, a computerized ventilation system would be commended for the efficient use of heat energy and to maintain the desirable temperature of swine buildings. Over-investment for large scale farm and over-crowded pigpen of small farm would cause wasting construction expenses and spreading epidermic diseases Hence, the size of swine building should follow the recommended scale. The fermentation drier was recommended for the manure management. Urine could be recycled or discharged after treating by the activated sludge process.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.509-519
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• 2013

Through the study on judgment of Body form and settle Energy flow(立形定氣) before diagnose the patients, the results are as follows. The observation of the body form is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ. It is necessary to distinguish Body form loss(形脫) and Body form fullness(形充). Fat man(肥人), Thin man(瘦人), Creamy man(膏人), Muscular man(肉人), Small Fat man(脂人) are discriminated by fat distribution, fat content, and muscle mass. The observation of the body form means the observation of structure disorder, color change, develop part at body, head and face. The observation of the body form that is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ is from the limited knowledge of the anatomy. The observation of face color is considered by blood perfusion, blood oxygenation and accumulation of carotinoid, bilirubin and change of melanin in the facial skin. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow is considered by symptom combined with growth (<40 years) and aging (>40 years). The prosperity of energy flow includes the anger, anxious emotion and the deficiency of energy flow includes the fear, depressive emotion. The breathing type is expiratory exhalation like asthma patients in the prosperity of energy flow. The deficiency of energy flow is weakness to overcome the disease. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow are considered by body metabolic ratios (Basal metabolic Rate: BMR, Resting metabolic rate: RMR, Physical activity ratios: PASs). Development of subcutaneous fat is good in the person of prosperous energy flow. The person of prosperous energy flow is hard to overcome to heat weather than cold weather. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of low blood pressure, insufficiency of blood flow in the peripheral and being shocked. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of chronic fatigue syndrome or automatic nerve disorder. If the patient who has deficiency of energy flow has severe weight loss should be checked for the presence of disease. The observation of small and large of bone is to check the development and disorder of bone growth and aging. The observation of thickness and weakness of muscle is to check the development of muscle, particularly biceps, gastrocnemius, and rectus abdominal muscle. The observation of thickness and weakness of skin is to check the ability of regulating body temperature by sweating.