Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (대한환경공학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (대한환경공학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluation of Downflow Granular Media Filtration for Stormwater Treatment

강우유출수에 의한 비점오염 저감을 위한 하향류식 입상여과 효율 평가

  • Lim, Chan-Su (Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Kim, Do-Gun (Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Ko, Seok-Oh (Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University)
  • Received : 2012.05.16
  • Accepted : 2012.10.30
  • Published : 2012.10.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The stormwater runoff from the increasing paved roads and vehicles resulted in the increase in the pollutants load to adjacent water bodies. The granular media filtration facilities are the most widely adopted to minimize the non-point source pollution from motorways. It is essential to consider the severe variation of hydraulic condition, suspended solid (SS) characteristics, and the medium characteristics for stormwater management filter. In this study, different types of media, including sand, were tested and the performance of downflow sand filters was investigated under various linear velocity and influent solid particle size. Results showed that the best medium is the coarse sand with large grain size, which showed the specific SS removal before clogging of more than $8.498kg/m^2$, the SS removal of higher than 95%, and minimum head loss. Linear velocity did not affect the total solid removal, while the performance was improved when fine solid was introduced. It is suggested that the life of a downflow sand filter bed can be extended by deep bed filtration when influent particles are fine. However, the captured particles can be washed out after a long period of operation.

도로와 차량의 증가에 의해 강우시 도로 유출수가 주변 수계의 오염을 크게 악화시키고 있다. 강우 유출수에 의한 비점오염 저감시설로 여과시설이 가장 널리 사용되고 있으나, 이들은 역세척이 불가능하므로 여재의 폐색과 오염물의 재유출 등을 고려하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 강우유출수 SS 처리를 위한 하향류식 여과 특성을 검토하였다. 여재로 여과사, 왕사-활성탄, 발포 폴리프로필렌(EPP)을 검토한 결과, 간극이 큰 입상여재인 왕사-활성탄이 단위면적당 SS 처리량 $8.498kg/m^2$ 이상, 평균 SS 제거율 95% 이상이며, 손실수두가 적어 가장 우수한 특성을 나타냈다. EPP 역시 수두손실은 거의 없었으나, 간극의 크기와 간극률이 매우 크기 때문에 SS 제거율이 불안정하고 낮았다. 또한, 비점오염 여과시설에 가장 많이 사용되는 여과사는 $1.395kg/m^2$의 SS 처리량과 평균 95% 정도의 SS 제거율을 나타냈다. 여과사의 경우, 선속도는 SS 처리량에는 큰 영향이 없으나, 선속도가 낮을수록 운전시간이 증가하고 SS가 보다 깊은 여재층에서 제거되었다. 또한, 유입 SS 크기가 작을 때에는 여재의 수명이 크게 증가하고 심층여과 현상을 나타냈으나, 장기운전 시에는 포획된 SS 유출에 의해 SS 제거율이 감소하였다. SS 크기가 클 때에는 표면여과에 의해 SS가 제거되며 손실수두 증가가 빨라지는 것으로 나타났다. 비점오염 저감시설은 수리학적 부하의 변동이 크고 다양한 특성의 SS가 유입되므로, 하향류식 여과시설 설치 시, 선속도, SS 크기, 여재 특성과 현장 조건을 충분히 고려하여 설치하여야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : 한국연구재단

References

  1. 국토해양부, "2011 국토해양 통계연보" 국토해양부(2009).
  2. 최원석, 송창수, 김석구, "도로노면 유출수 처리를 위한 여과에서의 여재별 손실수두 특성," 상수도학회지, 22(6), 697-704(2008).
  3. Siriwardene, N. R., Deletic, A., and Fletcher, T. D., "Clogging of stormwater gravel infiltration systems and filters: Insights from a laboratory study," Water Res., 41, 1433-1440(2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.040
  4. USEPA, "Storm Water Technology Fact Sheet: Sand Filters," EPA 832-F-99-007, Office of Water, USEPA (1999).
  5. Ballard, B. W. and Kellagher, R., "The SUDS Manual. Construction Industry Research & Information Association (CIRIA),"(2007).
  6. Bouwer, H., "Artificial recharge of groundwater: Hydrogeology and engineering," Hydrogeol. J., 10, 121-142(2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0182-4
  7. Clark, S. E., Johnson, P. D., Gill, S. and Pratap, M., "Management of stormwater heavy metals using media filtration," in Proceedings of World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States(2004).
  8. Pratap, M. R., Khambhammettu, U., Clark, S. E. and Pitt, R., "Stormwater polishing: Upflow vs. downflow filters," in Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Tampa, Florida, United States, May 15-19(2007).
  9. Rodgers, M., Mulqueen, J. and Healy, M. G., "Surface clogging in an intermittent stratified sand filter," SSSAJ, 68, 1827-1832(2004). https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.1827
  10. Jusoh, A., Giap, S. G. E., Shiung, L. S., Ali, N., Noor, M. J. M. M. and Halim, A. G., "Head loss performance and modeling of burnt oil palm shell in deep bed filtration," Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply, 17(5-6), 141-147(2007).
  11. Crittenden, J. C., Trussell, R. R., Hand, D. W., Howe, K. and Tchobanoglous, G., "MWH's Water Treatment: Principles and Design," Second Edition, Wiley(2005).
  12. Li, Y., Lau, S.-L., Kayhanian, M. and Stenstrom, M. K., "First flush and natural aggregation of particles in highway runoff," Water Sci. Technol., 54(11-12), 21-27(2006).
  13. Boller, M. A. and Kavanaugh, M. C., "Partucle characteristics and headloss increase in granular media filtration," Water Res., 29(4), 1139-1149(1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)00256-7
  14. Bai, R. and Tien, C., "Effect of deposition in deep-bed filtration: Determination and search of rate parameters," J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 231, 299-311(2000). https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.7130
  15. Yun, Y., Park, H., Kim, L. and Ko, S., "Size distributions and settling velocities of suspended particles from road and highway," KSCE J. Civil Eng., 14(4), 481-488(2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-010-0481-1
  16. Hatt, B. E., Siriwardene, N. Deletic, A. and Fletcher, T. D., "Filter media for stormwater treatment and recycling: The influence of hydraulic properties of flow on pollutant removal," Water Sci. Technol., 54(6-7), 263-271(2006). https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.626
  17. 한국상하수도협회, "상수도 시설기준,"(2004).
  18. Sutherland, R. A., "Lead in grain size fractions of roaddeposited sediment," Environ. Pollut., 121, 229-237(2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00219-1
  19. Semple, E., Blick, S. A., Kelly, F. and Skupien, J. J., "New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual," New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Watershed Management, State of New Jersey (2004).
  20. Bian, B. and Zhu, W., "Particle size distribution and pollutants in road-deposited sediments in different areas of Zhenjiang, China," Environ. Geochem. Health, 31, 511-520(2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-008-9203-8
  21. 환경부, "수질오염공정시험기준" 2011-103호(2011).
  22. Zakharova, Y. and Wheatley, A., "Treatment of urban runoff by filtration using a recycled glass medium," In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK(2008).
  23. 김태균, 조강우, 송경근, 윤민혁, 안규홍, 홍승관, "여재 특성에 따른 강우 유출수 내 오염물질 제거특성 평가," 대한환경공학회지, 31(7), 483-490(2009).
  24. Johir, M. A. H., Vigneswaran, S. and Kandasamy, J., "Hybrid filtration method for pre-treatment of stormwater," Water Sci. Technol., 62(12), 2937-3943(2010). https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.567
  25. Larry Walker Associates and Geosyntec Consultants, "Ventura County Technical Guidance Manual for Stormwater Quality Control Measures," Manual Update 2010, Ventura countryside Stormwater Management Program(2010).
  26. Locke, M., Indraratna, B. and Adikari, G., "Time-dependent particle transport through granular filters," J. Geotech. Geoenviron., 127(6), 521-528(2001). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:6(521)
  27. Singhal, N., Elefsiniotis, T., Weeraratne, N. and Johnson, A., "Sediment retention by alternative filtration media configurations in stormwater treatment," Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 187, 173-180(2008).
  28. Campos, L. C., Smith, S. R. and Graham, N. J. D., "Deterministic- based model of slow sand filtration I: Model development," J. Environ. Eng., 132, 872-886(2006). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2006)132:8(872)
  29. Davis, A. and McCuen, R., "Stormwater Management for Smart Growth," USA: Springer Science and Business Media Inc(2005).
  30. Barton, J. M. H. and Buchberger, S. G., "Effect of media grain shape on particle straining during filtration," J. Environ. Eng., 133(2), 211-219(2007). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2007)133:2(211)
  31. Blocki, S. W., "Hydrophobic zeolite adsorbent: A proven advancement in solvent separation technology," Environ. Prog., 12(3), 226-230(1993). https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.670120312
  32. Liao, Z. and Odegaard, H., "Coarse media filtration for enhanced primary treatment of municipal wastewater," Water Sci Technol., 46(4-5), 19-26(2002).
  33. Nelson, K. L., Williams, G., Sheikh, B., Holden, B., Crook, J. and Cooper, R. C., "Filter Loading Evaluation for Water Reuse" WRF-02-003(2011).
  34. Kau, S. M., and Lawler, D. F., "Dynamics of deep-bed filtration- velocity, depth, and media," J. Environ. Eng.-Asce, 121(12), 850-859(1995). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:12(850)
  35. Jegatheesan, V. and Vigneswaran, S., "Deep bed filtration: Mathematical models and observations. Critical review," Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(6), 515-569(2005). https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380500326432
  36. Zamani, A. and Maini, B., "Flow of dispersed particles through porous media-Deep bed filtration," J. Petroleum Sci. Eng., 69, 71-88(2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2009.06.016
  37. Bergendahl, J. and Grasso, D., "Prediction of colloid detachment in a model porous media: Hydrodynamics," Chem. Eng. Sci., 55, 1523-1532(2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(99)00422-4
  38. Kim, J. and Lawler, D.F., "The influence of hydraulic loads on depth filtration," Water Res., 46(2), 433-441(2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.059
  39. Clark, S. and Pitt, R., "Stormwater Treatment at Critical Areas: Evaluation of Filtration Media," Report-00, EPA, No. CX 824933, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama(1999).
  40. Pitt, R., Khambhammettu, U., Andoh, R., Lemont, L., Osei, K. and Clark, S. E., "Laboratory and field tests of the Up- FloTM Filter," In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK(2008).
  41. Moghadasi, J., Muller-Steinhagen, H., Jamialahmadi, M. and Sharif, A., "Theoretical and experimental study of particle movement and deposition in porous media during water injection," J. Petroleum Sci. Eng., 43, 163-181(2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2004.01.005
  42. Kim, J. Y. and Sansalone, J. J., "Event-based size distributions of particulate matter transported during urban rainfallrunoff events," Water Res., 42, 2756-2768(2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.005
  43. Zhao, H., Li, X., Wang, X. and Tian, D., "Grain size distribution of road-deposited sediment and its contribution to heavy metal pollution in urban runoff in Beijing, China," J. Hazard. Mater., 183(1-3), 203-210(2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.012
  44. Li, Y., Lau, S. L., Kayhanian, M. M. and Stenstrom, M. K., "Dynamic characteristics of particle size distribution in highway runoff: implications for settling tank design," J. Environ. Eng., 132(8), 852-861(2006). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2006)132:8(852)