• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.1025-1029
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• 2007

It is widely assumed that Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by inherent disposition and environmental factor. IQ is estimated by age-conversion score and stabilized around age 4 and IQ of adult age can be predicted after age 10. Though children with Mental Retardation (MR) are delayed in language development since early infant period, they receive only special education including speech and language therapy, but no special medication. In traditional Korean medicine, the etiology and treatment for developmental delay of language have been handed down for a long time. Some studies on herbs and prescriptions for improving language development have been undertaken recently. We have found several cases of significant elevation of IQ in the children treated with long term medications of Korean herbal medicine for improvement of language. Analyzing these cases, especially performance IQ showed significant change. Therefore we suggest that Korean herbal medicine might improve cognition development in children with MR.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제57권8호
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• pp.363-369
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• 2014

Purpose: This study examines changes in developmental profiles of children with language delay over time and the clinical significance of assessment conducted at age 2-3 years. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 70 children (62 male, 8 female), who had visited the hospital because of delayed language development at 2-3 years, and were reassessed at ages 5-6. Language and cognitive abilities were assessed using multiple scales at the initial and follow-up visits. Results: At the initial test, 62 of the 70 children had mental development index (MDI) below 70 of Bayley Scales of Infant Development Test II. Of the 62 children in the follow-up assessment, 30 children (48.4%) remained within the same cognitive range (full-scale intelligence quotient, FSIQ<70 of Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence), 12 had borderline intellectual functioning (FSIQ, 70-85), 6 improved to average intellectual functioning (FSIQ>85), and 5 had specific language impairment, 9 had autism spectrum disorders. At the initial test, 38 of the 70 children had cognitive developmental quotients (C-DQ) below 70. Of the 38 children in the follow-up assessment, 23 children (60.5%) remained within the same cognitive range (FSIQ<70). The correlation coefficient for MDI and FSIQ was 0.530 (P<0.0001) and that for C-DQ and FSIQ was 0.727 (P<0.0001). There was a strong correlation between C-DQ and FSIQ, and a moderate correlation between MDI and FSIQ. Conclusion: Low MDI scores reflect a specific delay in cognitive abilities, communication skills, or both. The C-DQ, receptive language development quotient, and social maturity quotient also help to distinguish between children with isolated language delay and children with cooccurring cognitive impairment. Moreover, changes in the developmental profile during preschool years are not unusual in children with language delay. Follow-up reassessments prior to the start of school are required for a more accurate diagnosis and intervention.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.472-479
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• 2014

Background Speech problems are a common clinical feature of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. The objectives of this study were to inventory the speech history and current self-reported speech rating of adolescents and young adults, and examine the possible variables influencing the current speech ratings, including cleft palate, surgery, speech and language therapy, intelligence quotient, and age at assessment. Methods In this cross-sectional cohort study, 50 adolescents and young adults with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (ages, 12-26 years, 67% female) filled out questionnaires. A neuropsychologist administered an age-appropriate intelligence quotient test. The demographics, histories, and intelligence of patients with normal speech (speech rating=1) were compared to those of patients with different speech (speech rating>1). Results Of the 50 patients, a minority (26%) had a cleft palate, nearly half (46%) underwent a pharyngoplasty, and all (100%) had speech and language therapy. Poorer speech ratings were correlated with more years of speech and language therapy (Spearman's correlation=0.418, P=0.004; 95% confidence interval, 0.145-0.632). Only 34% had normal speech ratings. The groups with normal and different speech were not significantly different with respect to the demographic variables; a history of cleft palate, surgery, or speech and language therapy; and the intelligence quotient. Conclusions All adolescents and young adults with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome had undergone speech and language therapy, and nearly half of them underwent pharyngoplasty. Only 34% attained normal speech ratings. Those with poorer speech ratings had speech and language therapy for more years.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.294-303
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of sensory integration training on children with developmental delays. To achieve this goal, an educational experiment is conducted in five main areas: gross motor ability, fine motor ability, adaptive ability, language and social ability in children with developmental delay. The study subjects were children with developmental delays aged 3-6 years diagnosed at Beijing Institute of Pediatrics and Beijing Medical University and received sensory integration intervention and homebased training at the Golden Rain Forest Beijing Tongzhou Center from 2018 to 2021. According to the purpose of the analysis, the data collected are subjected to descriptive statistics using SPSS 21.0 statistical program, Two-way MANOVA analysis, and data analysis method of multivariate analysis is used to process the collected data. In addition, a total of 39 subjects were selected, including 19 children who received sensory integration training and 20 children who only received family training. The results show that the sensory integration training group outperformed the home training group in all aspects and developmental quotient, but the home training group also showed higher levels of significance for improvements in gross motor, fine motor and developmental quotient.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.147-157
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• 2008

Habitual speaking fundamental frequency (sF0) plays an important role in determining the voice classification, which can be presented differently depending on the vocal fold length and language habits. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to compare the differences in sF0 for voice classification and closed quotient between speaking and singing. Seventeen singers (7 sopranos, 5 tenors, 5 baritones, mean age 25.1 years) with no evidence of vocal folds pathology were participated. sF0 and closed quotient (CQ) both in speaking and in singing (A3-A5 with soprano, A2-A4 with tenor and baritone) were measured using SPEAD program and electroglottography. No significant differences were observed for sF0 between tenor and baritone groups (p> 0.05). However, CQ in singing was significantly different among three groups (p< 0.05), but CQ in speaking was not (p> 0.05). Furthermore, CQ was significantly different with both soprano (p< 0.01) and tenor groups ((P= 0.02) whereas baritone group revealed there is no difference when compared between speaking and singing. No significant differences in sF0 between tenor and baritone participants may result from decision-making for voice classification by experience and should measure sF0 before determining the voice classification.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.437-446
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• 2008

Electroglottography (EGG) is a simple and non-invasive technique for analyzing the vibratory patterns of the vocal folds by detecting impedance changes across the larynx. An abnormal electroglottogram is shown in patients who have a dysphagia associated with neuromuscular disorder. Electroglottography offers reliable informations for diagnosis of swallowing disorder and gives quantitative datas. The purpose of this study is to provide the normal value of electroglottography in normal adults. We took electroglottograms of 80 adults who have no problem in swallowing and utterance. EGG data were analyzed to find out the value of Pitch, Jitter and Closed quotient with a commercially available software. There were significant differences between a usual voice and loud voice in 3 measures on the EGG signalmean pitch, Avg. jitter, mean quotient. To get a proper electroglottography, phonation of a usual voice was better than a loud voice. Four measurements- S.D pitch, Avg. Jitter, Mean closed quotient, S.D closed quotient- were independent of sex for adult. Three measurements- Mean pitch, S.D pitch, Mean closed quotient - were independent of age for adult aged twenties to fifties. The Avg. Jitter of twenties appeared to be lower than those of forties and fifties. The S.D closed quotient of twenties appeared to be lower than those of thirties, forties and fifties.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2008

Objective : The objective of this study is to investigate the intellectual characteristics of the specific language impairment(SLI) and the borderline intelligence-language disorder (BI-LD). Method : 30 Children participated in this study, IS children with SLI(K-WISC-ill FIQ above 85, Test of Problem Solving score below -1.25SD, verbal comprehension factor index of K-WISC III below 80), 14 children with BI-LD(K-WISC-ill FIQ $70^{\sim}85$, Test of Problem Solving score below -1.25SD, verbal comprehension factor index of K-WISC III below 80). All students were evaluated with K-WISC III, Test of Problem Solving. full-scale IQ (FSIQ), \ verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ), Verbal Comprehension Index, and Test of Problem Solving score were compared between two groups. Result : All subtests scores of PIQ in the SLI were significantly higher than those in the BI-LD. there was no significant difference in the subtests scores of VIQ. In the VIQ subtests, Information, Arithmetic, Comprehension score were higher in the SLI compared to the BI-LD, but the score of Similarities and Vocabulary were similar between two groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that inspite of the difference of PIQ, SLI and BI-LD have similar language abilities, and there are some different intellectual characteristics between SLI and BI-LD

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2021

본 연구는 제 2언어 억양습득 과정에서 나타나는 언어 보편적 간섭현상인 피치대역(음역) 축소현상과모국어 간섭현상이 어떤 양상으로 상호작용하며 한국어 습득과정에서 어떤 순서로 나타나는지 중국인 한국어 학습자들을 통해 살펴보았다. 본 연구에는 7명의 한국어 원어민 화자와 초·중·고급 수준의 중국인 한국어 학습자 각 10명 총 37명이 발화 실험에 참여하였다. 연구 참여자들은 난이도가 다른 한국어 담화 4개와 이를 중국어로 번역한 중국어 담화 4개를 낭독 발화하였다. 한국어화자와 중국인 학습자들이 산출한 음성자료는 음성분석 프로그램 Praat을 사용하여 각 문장별로 Pitch span, Pitch level, Pitch dynamic quotient(PDQ), 왜도와 첨도를 측정하였고 이후 언어 간 분석, 그룹 간 분석, 그룹 내 분석을 통해 두 현상의 상호작용양상을 살펴보았다. 언어 간 분석결과 중국어는 한국어보다 높은 Pitch span과 Pitch level로 특징지어졌다. 이를 바탕으로 초·중·고급 중국인 학습자들의 한국어 발화문에 대한 그룹 간 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 초급과 중급 학습자들에게서는 모국어 간섭보다는 음역 축소현상이 두드러지게 나타났으며 고급 학습자들은 음역 축소현상이 완화되어 한국 화자에 근접한 양상을 보여주었다. 중국인 학습자들이 발화한 목표어인 한국어와 모국어인 중국어 문장을 대상으로 한 그룹 내 분석에서도 숙달도가 높을수록 모국어와 목표어 간 피치 편차가 줄어들어 음역 축소현상이 완화되었다. 문장 내 피치 변동 범위를 파악하기 위한 PDQ분석에서 중국어 문장은 한국어 문장보다 음역 변동범위가 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그룹 간 분석에서는 초·중급 학습자들의 PDQ가 한국어와 중국어보다 현저히 낮은 값을 보였다. 고급학습자들도 한국어나 중국어보다 낮은 수치를 보였으나 한국어에 근접한 양상으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 숙달도가 낮은 화자일수록 음역 축소 현상이 두드러지게 나타나며 고급 화자의 경우 목표어인 한국어와 유사한 양상으로 실현됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구의 분석 대상인 음성학적 층위에서는 모국어 간섭현상이 뚜렷하게 관찰되지 않았다.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.143-157
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• 2001

This paper focused on glottal parameters contributing to the perception of loud voices because energy of a voice is not the only effective factor. We used a formant synthesizer to synthesize loud voices. We divided F0 tilt (the tilt of F0 contour), SQ (Speed Quotient), OQ (Open Quotient) and TL (spectral Tilt Level) into three levels to get different combinations with default values for the other synthesizer parameters. Analysis of listening tests indicated that F0 tilt, SQ, OQ and TL in descending order had significant influence on the perception of loud voices. F0 tilt had a far more significant effect than the others. The influence of SQ increased greatly with the exclusion of F0 tilt as a factor. The interaction between parameters was not significant.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2006

1.본 증례에서는 한방치료와 언어치료를 병행하여 중풍환자의 유창성 실어증의 호전된 경과를 실어증 평가도구인 K-WAB 및 언어장애의 장애수준을 평가할 수 있도록 고안된 실용의사소통에 관한 조사(CADLT)를 사용하여 보았다. 2. 이후 실어증의 치료에서 한방 약물 치료 및 침구치료의 효과에 대한 객관적 연구 및 효과적으로 활용될 수 있는 언어치료 프로그램의 개발이 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.