• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.42
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• pp.133-160
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• 2009

In International trade the buyer and seller are normally separated from on another not only by distance but also by differences in language and culture. It is rarely possible for the performance of obligations to be simultaneous and the performance of contracts therefore calls for trust in a situation in which the parties are unlikely to feel able to trust each other unless they have a longstanding and successful relationship. Thus the seller under an international contract of sale will not wish to surrender documents of title to goods to the buyer until he has at least an assurance of payment, and no buyer will wish to pay for goods until he has received them. A gap of distrust thus exists which is often bridged by the undertaking of an intermediary known and trusted by both parties who will undertake on his own liability to pay the seller the contract price in return for the documents of title and then pass the documents to the buyer in return for the reimbursement. This is a common explanation of the theory behind the documentary letter of credit in which the undertaking of a bank of international repute serves as a "guarantee" to each party that the other will perform his obligations. The independence principle, also referred to as the "autonomy principle", is at the core of letter of credit or bank guarantee law. This principle provides that the letter of credit or bank guarantee is independent of the underlying contractual commitment - that is, the transaction that the credit is intented to secure - between the applicant and the beneficiary ; the credit is also independent of the relationship between the bank and its customer, the applicant. The most important exception to the independence principle is the doctrine of fraud in the transaction. A strict interpretation of the rule that the guarantee is independent of the underlying transaction would lead to the conclusion that neither fraud nor manifest abuse of rights by the beneficiary would constitute an objection to payment. There is one major problem related to "Independent guarantees", namely abusive or unfair callings. The beneficiary may make an unfair calling under the guarantee. The countermeasure of beneficiary's unfair calling divided three cases. First, advance countermeasure namely by contract. In other words, when the formation of the contract, the parties must insert the Force Majeure Clause, Arbitration Clause to Contract, and clear statement to the condition for demand calling. Second, post countermeasure namely by court. Many countries, including the United States, authorize the courts to grant an order enjoining the issuer from paying or enjoining the beneficiary from receiving payment under the guaranty letter. Third, Export Insurance. For example, the Export Credit Guarantees Department is prepared, subject to certain conditions, to cover the risk of unfair calling. Of course, KEIC in Korea is cover the risk of the all things for guarantees. On international projects, contractor performance is usually guaranteed by either a standby letters of credit or Independent guarantee. These instruments will be care the parties.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.360-372
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• 2017

Cultural arts education helps in the holistic development of children and enhances their language skills and creative thinking. This type of education not only fosters emotional intelligence, but has also been proven to play a positive role in helping children understand different cultures. Based on these findings, in recent times, interest in cultural arts education has been focused on the importance of experiencing art in childhood and the development of artistic ability. A high standard of cultural arts education is desirable, in which regular classes are held based on the close cooperation of teachers, with extensive knowledge and sense of the cultural arts, and cultural arts experts. Therefore, it is necessary to include extensive cultural arts education in the training of early childhood educators, considering the importance of early childhood cultural arts education. This study suggested ways to improve the academic curriculum and develop plans to enhance the expertise of early childhood teachers in the field of cultural arts by analyzing the academic curriculum of early childhood education courses in 4-year universities in the metropolitan area.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.779-790
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• 2016

This study is to exhibit the iconographic narrative and visual culture of ancient Chinese art. The focus of the study is the composite integration of literature and graphic forms, in particular the heterochronous expression of different scenarios of scenes occurring in different time periods in pictures of ancient art. The unity of their origins with picture narration and comic art creation is the fusion of our modern times. The ancient Chinese understanding of visual art includes the traditional style of images and their symbolic meanings. Among artistic narrative expression, imagery contemplation and visual presentation have significance. Artistic thinking is inseparable from visual articulation. It is a rational thought process through creative language interpretation in visual media of imagery narratives. The characteristics of ancient imagery thinking and the way of presenting sequential incidents in the form pictures is a creative space of time. This is the spatial thinking of modern comic art, which is demonstrated through acceptance in artistic styles. Image narration needs new forms and media styles, including integrating with cultural values as aesthetic communication is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.55-73
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate Korean version of Deaf Acculturation Scales(DAS). Pilot items were made a faithful translation of the Acculturation Scales of Maxwell-McCaw and Zea (2011) and were modified for Korean Deaf people. The Scale involves two dimensions, in order to measure the acculturation of Deaf people; Deaf acculturation and hearing acculturation. Using factor analysis, we developed a Korean version of DAS consisted of twenty-five items for Deaf acculturation dimension and twenty-five items for hearing acculturation dimension. These analysis supported the four factors of Deaf acculturation dimension and the five factors of hearing acculturation dimension. Reliability, assessed by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, was .93 for Deaf acculturation and .93 for hearing acculturation, respectively, which confirm the Koran version of DAS. Construct validity was demonstrated through correlation with Deaf acculturation-related variables: age, age of Deafness, Degree of hearing loss, American Sign Language ability, and lip-reading ability. Criterion validity was supported by correlation with Collective Self-Esteem Scale. Limitation and implication of this study and direction for future research were discussed.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2010

Cultural industry along with cultural content that forms the center of cultural industry is the field whose interest is continually increasing due to the increase of weight in the national economy and the strengthening of importance in future value. Cultural content, particularly, accounts for the essential position in starting a business around one-person business, which recently arouses high interest in a nation. However, it is true that the debates on the rapid growth and identity of cultural content in contrast to the reinforcement of its position, and the criticisms about the lack in development of material and cultural content in staring a business show the limitation of overall cultural content in Korea. This research examines recognition of cultural industry or cultural content through terminologies of definition as well as the relationships of configures in accordance with the outcome of cultural content. Findings demonstrate that cultural content in Korea revealed the highest cultural orientation which is the same as existing interpretations, and as comparison objects, entertainment industry in the U.S. and creative industry in the UK contained the highest part of entertainment and creativity respectively. It reflects that mythical elements of language that has been discussed from the structuralist perspectives are projected in the relevant field. In conclusion, the conceptual definition of cultural content has the structure to project advantages and disadvantages of existing culture, and this limitation needs to be overcome in securing the items and business value in starting a business.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.151-169
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• 2015

Social enterprises that are solving pressing global issues and providing services such as micro-finance, affordable housing, appropriate technology and education for the 'bottom of the pyramid' as well as cultural and community-related businesses that improve the 'quality of life' within a society are the target of impact investments. Among them, a capital financing is one of the most important factor in founding and fostering of social enterprise. However, the capital market for social enterprises in South Korea are not yet sufficiently developed. The Britain and U.S.A. attempted to solve the social problem by the introduction of the social innovation credit model, for example, social impact bonds(SIB), Big Society Capital, DBLIF, and ACCION International, which are considered as an innovative new financing instrument for social program. Instruments are being attempted for the first time in Britain and America. This study have two purposes. The first purpose is abstracting the institutional mechanism for introduction of impact investment such as SIB and DBLIF case in Britain and U.S.A.. Second, analyzing type and mix of policy instrument on impact investment from the perspective of policy instrument.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2002

Unlike a study related in language alone, rhetorical study of current time, composed with multi-culture, medias, communication, presents its own field that covers from the form of discourse(persuasive) to another form of discourse(not persuasive). If there was a study of making beautiful sentences for story and finding simple method of speech in Greek and roman period of an ancient time, it now a study in which one finds the essence of literary style or terminology in the expression of sentence. The taller case is especially important, given that the importance of what to express visually is on-going active procedure of this stuffy as itself an activity of communication. When a visual object persuades viewers, the activity of communication derives them to react and to understand the intention of an artist. The matter of how to speak is the matter of how to shape message persuasively. This persuasive method or technique is study of rhetoric. The three aspects (figurative, accentuating, mutating) of rhetorical expression of an illustration, the visual image can give fresh feelings to be in intimate relations with public. These rhetorical expressions also vitalize the story that is expressed on illustration with crisp image. It helps to attain expected effects while discovering essential meaning through the corresponding linguistic interpretation of an image. The study aims at the most effective way to communicate by figuring the most strong and direct illustrative message out. One of the method is to patternize illustrative expressions that are established from all kinds of shapes of Rhetoric. Therefore ,an operation of significance and an implication can shape an ultimate goal of this study from acknowledging the mechanism that modern illustration embraces.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 2016

Objective : The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rehabilitation therapists' general characteristics and job involvement on stress. The subjects of this study were occupational therapists and physical therapists working for long-term hospitals and general hospitals located in K and B cities, South Korea. Methods : The study investigated general characteristics, job stress, and job involvement by using questionnaires. Analysis conducted on total 144 questionnaires excluding 19 questionnaires, which did not satisfy the subject selection criteria. Results : The results show that job involvement had significantly positive correlations with job requirement, job autonomy, relationship conflicts, organization system, inappropriate compensation, job instability, and workplace culture. Secondly, marital status, wage level, and job engagement explained 46.6% of variations in job stress. Conclusion : The study was meaningful in examining the variables influencing the job stress of rehabilitation therapists. We expect that it can be used for improving the job environment of rehabilitation therapists.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.143-157
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• 2011

It is a story through which people share their ideas and express their thoughts. Storytelling is temporally and spatially interconnected narration that consists of characters, background, its beginning and its conclusion. Furthermore, the story in storytelling is a means of delivering culture and history; thanks to the development of various media, delivering and exchanging the story are conducted in a variety of forms. Due to the technological advancement, the way storytelling is done has changed, which was a method called digital storytelling. This storytelling has been frequently used in education; that is, teachers utilize stories to communicate their thoughts. As receivers, students understand a shade of meaning and the role of language, thus reorganizing the important factors in the context of meaningful events. However, in practice the classes are so teacher-centered that the role of students are relegated to that of passive learners, thus debilitating the interaction between participants; as a result, this situation shows serious limitations in that it does not improve students' practical skills. Despite this situation, home economics has attempted to broaden students' practical knowledge and has enabled them to acquire procedural knowledge as its main objectives in the context of the entire life. To overcome this problem, this study attempts to demonstrate the lesson model utilizing the storytelling where the lively participation in the process and results of learning can increase learners' self-confidence and responsibility. This lesson model is believed to facilitate the communication among participants including teachers and students. Through this alternative teaching method, learners can participate in the process of learning so that they can acquire practical knowledge: this method can be a step-stone for further development. In conclusion, the development of curriculum and lesson plans should be encouraged.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.144-213
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• 2006

The mushroom production reached to 1000 billion won in monetary value in Korea. We, however, do not have systematic terminology dictionary published yet. Recently new varieties of medicinal mushrooms in addition to culinary mushrooms are being introduced steadily through out the world. This makes the necessity of coordinated and consistent arrangement of terms involved in culture, cultivation and physiological aspects of mushrooms. Various components in relation to the medicinal and physiological functionality also poses ambiguity in terminology along with the terms used in breeding and genetic researches. Moreover, some of the scientific terms are being used erroneously. In order to help mushroom cultivators, students, and mushroom business personnel in understanding the terms on mushroom science and technology we intended to collect and organize all the terms related to mushroom morphology and cultivation, poison and medicinal functionality, processing and utilization, and so on. Thirteen professionals from each field participated in this project. The fields included here are : 1) Genetics and breeding of mushrooms, 2) Cultivation and physiology of mushrooms, 3) Taxonomy and ecology of mushrooms, 4) Processing and functional components, 5) Blight and insects of mushrooms.