• 공업화학
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2023

Arsenic is a highly toxic element, and its contamination is widespread around the world. The natural materials with high selectivity and efficiency toward pollutants are important in wastewater treatment technology. In this study, the mesoporous synthetic hectorite was synthesized by facile hydrothermal crystallization of gels comprising silica, magnesium hydroxide, and lithium fluoride. Additionally, the naturally available clay was modified using zirconium at room temperature. Both synthetic and modified natural clays were employed in the removal of arsenate from aquatic environments. The materials were fully characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analyses. The synthesized materials were used to remove arsenic (V) under varied physicochemical conditions. Both materials, i.e., Zr-bentonite and Zr-hectorite, showed high percentage removal of arsenic (V) at lower pH, and the efficiency decreased in an alkaline medium. The equilibrium-state sorption data agrees well with the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, and the maximum sorption capacity is found to be 4.608 and 2.207 mg/g for Zr-bentonite and Zr-hectorite, respectively. The kinetic data fits well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Furthermore, the effect of the background electrolytes study indicated that arsenic (V) is specifically sorbed at the surface of these two nanocomposites. This study demonstrated that zirconium intercalated synthetic hectorite as well as zirconium modified natural clays are effective and efficient materials for the selective removal of arsenic (V) from aqueous medium.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.237-253
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• 2022

The methyl 2-(1,3-dithietan -2- ylidene)-3-oxobutanoate (MDYO) and 2-(1,3-dithietan-2-ylidene) cyclohexane -1,3-dione (DYCD) were synthesized and tested at various concentrations as corrosion inhibitors for 316L stainless steel in 1 M HCl using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), surface analysis techniques (SEM / EDX and Raman spectroscopy) and Functional Density Theory (DFT) was also used to calculate quantum parameters. The obtained results indicated that the inhibition efficiency of MDYO and DYCD increases with their concentration, and the highest value of corrosion inhibition efficiency was determined in the range of concentrations investigated (0.01 × 10^-3 - 10^-3 M). Polarization curves (Tafel extrapolation) showed that both compounds act as mixed-type inhibitors in 1M HCl solutions. Electrochemical impedance spectra (Nyquist plots) are characterized by a capacitive loop observed at high frequencies, and another small inductive loop near low frequencies. The thermodynamic data of adsorption of the two compounds on the stainless steel surface and the activation energies were determined and then discussed. Analysis of experimental results shows that MDYO and DYCD inhibitors adsorb to the metal surface according to the Langmuir model and the mechanism of adsorption of both inhibitors involves physisorption. SEM-EDX results confirm the existence of an inhibitor protective film on the stainless steel surface. The results derived from theoretical calculations supported the experimental observation.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2023

Background: Recently, biological adsorbents have been developed for removing radionuclides from radioactive liquid waste due to their high selectivity, eco-friendliness, and renewability. However, since they can be damaged by radiation in radioactive waste, a method for estimating the bio-adsorbent performance as a time should consider the radiation damages in terms of their renewability. This paper aims to develop a simulation method that applies a deep learning technique to rapidly and accurately estimate the adsorption performance of bio-adsorbents when inserted into liquid radioactive waste. Materials and Methods: A model that describes various interactions between a bio-adsorbent and liquid has been constructed using numerical methods to estimate the adsorption capacity of the bio-adsorbent. To generate datasets for machine learning, Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) simulations were conducted while considering radioactive concentrations in the adsorbent column. Results and Discussion: Compared with the result of the conventional method, the proposed method indicates that the accuracy is in good agreement, within 0.99% and 0.06% for the R² score and mean absolute percentage error, respectively. Furthermore, the estimation speed is improved by over 30 times. Conclusion: Note that an artificial neural network can rapidly and accurately estimate the survival rate of a bio-adsorbent from radiation ionization compared with the MCNP simulation and can determine if the bio-adsorbents are reusable.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.58-70
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• 2023

The improper management of radioactive waste or accidents caused by natural disasters can result in the release of radioactive materials into the surrounding environment, potentially leading to soil and groundwater contamination by radionuclides. In this study, adsorption-desorption behaviors of the radionuclides (cobalt and strontium) in natural soil, montmorillonite, Mn-PILC, Fe-PILC, and fishbone were investigated. Several models were used to predict adsorption isotherms of radionuclides on various absorbents. Adsorption isotherms of cobalt and strontium in several adsorbents were examined at pH 5.5. The amount of sorbed cobalt and strontium were represented fishbone > natural soil > Mn-PILC > Fe-PILC > montmorillonite and natural soil > Mn-PILC > fishbone > Fe-PILC > montmorillonite, respectively. Adsorption datas were fitted with several models such as Freundlich, Langmuir, Sips, Redlich-Peterson, Khan, and Generalized model. The results of curve fitting showed R²> 0.98 in all of adsorption models, except Sr²⁺ adsorption onto montmorillonite. For modified clays (Mn-PILC, Fe-PILC), it is suggested that, unlike natural soils and fish bones, there are not only single adsorption mechanisms but also adsorption mechanisms based on chemical adsorption and surface charge. In the case of fish bones, due to the relatively higher adsorption capacity than modified clays and its characteristic of significant desorption, it is expected more suitable for the removal of radionuclides in aquatic environments than for the immobilization of radionuclides in soil.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.177-186
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• 2023

Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was one of widely used per- and poly substances(PFAS) in the industrial field and its concentration in the surface and groundwater was found with relatively high concentration compared to other PFAS. Since various processes have been introduced to remove the PFOA, adsorption using GAC is well known as a useful and effective process in water and wastewater treatment. Surface modification for GAC was carried out using Cu and Fe to enhance the adsorption capacity and four different adsorbents, such as GAC-Cu, GAC-Fe, GAC-Cu(OH)₂, GAC-Fe(OH)₃ were prepared and compared with GAC. According to SEM-EDS, the increase of Cu or Fe was confirmed after surface modification and higher weight was observed for Cu and Fe hydroxide(GAC-Cu(OH)₂ and GAC-Fe(OH)₃, respectively). BET analysis showed that the surface modification reduced specific surface area and total pore volumes. The highest removal efficiency(71.4%) was obtained in GAC-Cu which is improved by 17.9% whereas the use of Fe showed lower removal efficiency compared to GAC. PFOA removal was decreased with increase of solution pH indicating electrostatic interaction governs at low pH and its effect was decreased when the point of zero charges(pzc) was negatively increased with an increase of pH. The enhanced removal of PFOA was clearly observed in solution pH 7, confirming the Cu in the surface of GAC plays a role on the PFOA adsorption. The maximum uptake was calculated as 257 and 345 ㎍/g for GAC and GAC-Cu using Langmuir isotherm. 40% and 80% of removal were accomplished within 1 h and 48 h. According to R², only the linear pseudo-second-order(pso) kinetic model showed 0.98 whereas the others obtained less than 0.870.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 1990

토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)이 다른 조건(條件)에서 물이 이동(移動)할 때 동반(同伴)되는 용질(溶質)의 이동특성(移動特性)을 결정(決定)하는 지연계수(遲延係數)와 수리동적(水理動的) 분산계수(分散係數)를 수학적(數學的)으로 해석(解析)하고 일차원수평계(一次元水平系)의 사양토(砂壤土)에서 실험적(實驗的)으로 측정(測定)하였다. 용적밀도(容積密度)를 $1,350{\pm}50kg/m^3$인 사양토(砂壤土) 토양(土壤)에 수평(水平)으로 침투(浸透)되는 0.05% $CaSO_4$ 용액(溶液)의 수분전진(水分前進)을 Boltzman transform으로 나타내고 이를 표준(標準)으로 하였을 때 0.5% KCl, $CaCl_2$ 및 $KH_2PO_4$ 용액(溶液)의 용질전진(溶質前進)을 비농도(比濃度)로 표시(表示)하여 비교(比較)하였다. 용질농도(溶質濃度)의 분포(分布)와 수분분포(水分分布)로 부터 Laryea법(法)에 의하여 수리동적(水理動的) 분산계수(分散係數)를 계산(計算)하였다. 토양(土壤)-용액계(溶液系)에서 비반응성(比反應性) 용질(溶質)인 $Cl^-$의 전진(前進)은 물의 전진(前進)보다 늦었으며, 음(陰)ion 배제효과(排除效果)는 무시(無視)되었고 지연(遲延)은 초기수분함량(初期水分含量) ${\theta}_n$의 함수(函數)로 ${\theta}/({\theta}-{\theta}_n)$로 해석(解析)되었다. 토양입자(土壤粒子)에 의하여 흡착(吸着)이 일어나는 $K^+$, $Ca^{{+}{+}}$, $H_2PO^-_4$의 전진(前進)은 초기수분함량(初期水分含量)과 지연계수(遲延係數) R의 함수(函數)로 $\frac{1}{1+R}{\cdot}\frac{{\theta}}{{\theta}-{\theta}_n}$으로 해석(解析)되며 R치(値)는 $Cl^-$를 1.0으로 보았을 때 $K^+$는 0.64, 0.80 및 2.6이었다. Langmuir 등온흡착식(等溫吸着式)을 이용(利用)한 지연계수(遲延係數) 계산(計算)은 다소의 차이(差異)가 있었으나 적용가능성(適用可能性)이 있었다. 수분분포곡선(水分分布曲線)으로부터 산출(算出)된 물의 확산계수(擴散係數) $D({\theta})$는 초기수분함량(初期水分含量)에 관계(關係)없이 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)과 단일지수함수관계(單一指數函數關係)로 표시(表示)되었다. $$log\;D({\theta})=13.448{\theta}-9.288$$ $Cl^-$의 수리동적분포계수(水理動的分布係數)는 수분함량(水分含量) 0.36 이상(以上)에서는 물의 확산계수(擴散係數)와 비슷하였고 그 이하(以下)에서는 급격히(急激)히 감소(減少)하여 수분함량(水分含量) 0.2부근에서 자기확산계수(自己擴散係數)와 비슷한 값을 보였다. $K^+$, $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ 및 $H_2PO^-_4$의 수리동적분산계수(水理動的分散係數)는 수분함량(水分含量) 0.38에서 각각(各各) $5.5{\times}10^{-6}$, $2.4{\times}10^{-6}$ 및 $7.1{\times}10^{-7}m^2/sec$의 값을 보였고 0.36% 이하(以下)의 수분함량(水分含量)에서 급격(急激)히 감소(減少)하였으며 감소(減少) 경향(傾向)은 $H_2PO^-_4$가 가장 심(甚)하였다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.228-236
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• 2015

도시화는 불투수면의 증가를 초래하여 자연적인 물순환 시스템의 왜곡, 비점오염물질 유출 증가, 하천의 수질악화 및 수생태계 훼손 등의 문제를 발생시킨다. 불투수면 증가로 인한 수리수문학적, 생태학적 및 환경적 영향을 저감하기 위하여 선진국에서는 저영향개발(Low Impact Development, LID)기법을 주요한 대안으로 적용하고 있다. 국내에서도 2012년에 비점오염원관리종합대책을 통하여 LID 기법을 비점오염 관리의 주요 방안으로 추진하고 있다. LID 시설은 물순환 구축을 통한 강우유출수의 유출저감과 함께 식물, 미생물, 여재에서의 다양한 물리화학적 및 생물학적 기작을 이용하여 오염물질을 제거하는 기술이다. 이러한 LID 시설에는 다양한 여재가 사용되고 있으나 여재의 오염물질 저감능력 평가를 위한 흡착과 탈착 특성 등에 대한 종합적인 비교평가가 수행되지 못하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 LID 시설에 사용되는 다양한 여재 중에서 모래, 자갈, 바이오세라믹, 우드칩 및 바텀애쉬에 대하여 중금속(Pb, Cu)에 대한 흡착 및 탈착 특성 분석을 통해 여재의 환경성 평가를 수행하였다. 분석결과, 연구에 사용된 모든 여재에서 Pb에 대한 흡착 선호도가 Cu에 비하여 높게 나타났으며 흡착 kinetic 모델에서는 Pseudo second order equation의 적용성이 높게 평가되었고, 흡착등온식 모델에서는 Langmuir-3 isotherm이 높은 적용성을 보였다. 특히 여재 중에서 바이오 세라믹과 우드칩의 경우 Pb에 대한 뛰어난 흡착능을 보이는 것으로 평가되었다. 여재의 탈착 실험 결과 모든 여재에서 환경부 유해물질 기준에 초과하지 않아 LID시설에 다양하게 적용 가능한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.80-81
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• 2012

Recently, one of the critical issues in the etching processes of the nanoscale devices is to achieve ultra-high aspect ratio contact (UHARC) profile without anomalous behaviors such as sidewall bowing, and twisting profile. To achieve this goal, the fluorocarbon plasmas with major advantage of the sidewall passivation have been used commonly with numerous additives to obtain the ideal etch profiles. However, they still suffer from formidable challenges such as tight limits of sidewall bowing and controlling the randomly distorted features in nanoscale etching profile. Furthermore, the absence of the available plasma simulation tools has made it difficult to develop revolutionary technologies to overcome these process limitations, including novel plasma chemistries, and plasma sources. As an effort to address these issues, we performed a fluorocarbon surface kinetic modeling based on the experimental plasma diagnostic data for silicon dioxide etching process under inductively coupled C4F6/Ar/O2 plasmas. For this work, the SiO2 etch rates were investigated with bulk plasma diagnostics tools such as Langmuir probe, cutoff probe and Quadruple Mass Spectrometer (QMS). The surface chemistries of the etched samples were measured by X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer. To measure plasma parameters, the self-cleaned RF Langmuir probe was used for polymer deposition environment on the probe tip and double-checked by the cutoff probe which was known to be a precise plasma diagnostic tool for the electron density measurement. In addition, neutral and ion fluxes from bulk plasma were monitored with appearance methods using QMS signal. Based on these experimental data, we proposed a phenomenological, and realistic two-layer surface reaction model of SiO2 etch process under the overlying polymer passivation layer, considering material balance of deposition and etching through steady-state fluorocarbon layer. The predicted surface reaction modeling results showed good agreement with the experimental data. With the above studies of plasma surface reaction, we have developed a 3D topography simulator using the multi-layer level set algorithm and new memory saving technique, which is suitable in 3D UHARC etch simulation. Ballistic transports of neutral and ion species inside feature profile was considered by deterministic and Monte Carlo methods, respectively. In case of ultra-high aspect ratio contact hole etching, it is already well-known that the huge computational burden is required for realistic consideration of these ballistic transports. To address this issue, the related computational codes were efficiently parallelized for GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) computing, so that the total computation time could be improved more than few hundred times compared to the serial version. Finally, the 3D topography simulator was integrated with ballistic transport module and etch reaction model. Realistic etch-profile simulations with consideration of the sidewall polymer passivation layer were demonstrated.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.344-350
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• 2004

본 연구는 혼합이온교환수지 캡슐이 수질 모니터링 도구로 활용가능한지를 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 수지의 질소$(NH_4\;^+-N,\;NO_3\;^--N)$와 인산$(PO_4\;^{3-}-P)$에 대한 물리적, 화학적 반응 특성을 구명하고, 현장적용시험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 유속이 증가함에 따라 수지의 이온 흡착량은 감소하였으며, 이온 종류에 따른 흡착량은 $NO_3\;^--N\;>\;NH_4\;^+-N\;>\;PO_4\;^{3-}-P$ 순으로 나타나 수지의 흡착 선택성과 일치하였다. 온도와 시간에 따른 이온의 농도 변화를 일차반응속도모델에 적용하였을 때, 반응비상수$({\kappa})$는 반응온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였고, 이온의 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 온도가 증가함에 따라 ${\Delta}H^{o\ddag}$값과 ${\Delta}G^{o\ddag}$값은 증가하였으나, $E_a$값과 ${\Delta}S^{o\ddag}$값은 감소하여 열역학 이론과 일치하였다. $E_a$는 $155.38{\sim}682.89\;kJ{\cdot}mol^{-1},\;{\Delta}H^{o\ddag}$는 $153.03{\sim}680.54\;kJ{\cdot}mol^{-1},\;{\Delta}S^{o\ddag}$는 $525.02{\sim}610.99\;J{\cdot}mol^{-1},\;K^{-1}\;{\Delta}G^{o\ddag}$는 $525.02{\sim}610.99\;J{\cdot}mol^{-1}$의 범위를 나타냈다. 현장적용시험에서 삽입시간과 수지흡착량의 관계는 Langmuir 형태를 따랐으며, 질소는 24시간 경과 후, 인산은 8시간 후에 의사평형에 도달하였다. 따라서 현장에서의 최대 삽입시간은 인산의 평형 도달시간과 하천 내 인산 농도에 의해 결정될 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 결과를 통해 이온교환수지를 수질 중 질소와 인의 모니터링 도구로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 실제 현장에 활용하기 위해서는 온도, 유속, 삽입시간 등의 인자와 하천수 내 이온조성과의 상관관계에 대한 규명과 경험상수의 도출이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2022

수계에 오염된 색도 물질을 더욱 효율적으로 처리하고자 버려지는 폐자원을 이용하여 흡착제인 바이오차를 제조하고 적용하는 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 이에 가로수 전정부산물이나 폐목재를 활용하여 넓은 비표면적을 가지고 있는 바이오차를 제조하고 이를 이용하여 색도물질 제거에 적용하였다. 대표적인 가로수 전정부산물(플라타너스, 은행나무, 참나무)과 폐목재를 산소가 없는 조건에서 열분해하여 바이오차를 제조하였으며, 제거대상 물질로는 방향족 고리를 가지고 있어서 생물학적 분해가 어렵고, 물리적 처리와 화학적 처리시 제거효율이 떨어지는 것으로 알려져 있는 녹청색의 유기염료로 주로 인피섬유에 사용되며, 종이, 가죽과 면의 매염에 사용되기도 하는 메틸렌블루(MB)를 선정하였다. 실험결과 플라타너스 기반 바이오차가 제일 높은 흡착능을 보였으며, Langmuir 모델식을 이용하여 구한 q_max 값은 78.47 mg/g으로 나타났다. 또한 물리적 흡착과 화학적 흡착을 구별하는데 사용되는 Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R) 모델식을 이용하여 흡착에너지(E) (kJ/mol)를 구한 결과 MB에 대한 흡착에너지(E) 값은 4.891 kJ/mol로 8 kJ/mol(물리흡착과 화학흡착의 기준 값) 보다 작았으며, 이는 바이오차와 MB 염료 사이에 van der Waals와 같은 약한 결합이 존재하는 물리흡착임을 알 수 있었다. 반응온도 변화에 따른 흡착실험을 통해 얻은 ∆G의 값은 -3.67~7.68 kJ/mol으로서 물리적 흡착반응 영역에 해당함을 확인하여, 본 연구에서 제조된 플라타너스 기반 바이오차의 MB 흡착메커니즘은 넓은 비표면적을 이용한 물리적 흡착임을 제시할 수 있었다. 또한 타 연구에서 제시된 상업용 활성탄과 비교하여도 동등 이상의 흡착능력을 보였다.