• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4 s.117
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• pp.84-95
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• 2006

This study begins by examining the reason for the lack of urban planning that takes the water cycle into consideration. While there are institutions that support environmentally friendly development or smooth water circulation, these designs are not reflected in planning nor in the real world. After reviewing foreign case studies, policy suggestions and possible policy implications for Korea are derived. In Korea, there is not a sufficient level of relevant laws or institutions systematically established to make it possible to deal with rainwater in a decentralized way. Instead, facility standards or guidelines are considered separately for the control of water and for preventing natural disasters. And even though an environmentally friendly approach is stipulated in relevant laws in terms of spatial planning, there are no planning systems or implementation tools to actualize this kind of approach. The factors that make decentralized rainwater management possible in urban planning are analyzed based on the case study of Germany. Germany requires developers to plan in order to achieve ecological urban development. In addition, as a detailed implementation tool to promote conservation of the water cycle, the law provides for various kinds of measures such as restrictions on the proportion of impervious surface area according to the use of the land, required compensation measures for environmental degradation following development, introduction of a fee for rainwater runoff and the establishment of ecological landscape planning. The actual reason these measures can be implemented however is the provision of planning guidelines and design criteria for rainwater utilization, absorption and containment, and the construction of a database for various environmental information.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1 s.108
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to form a night-view at a university to satisfy users through case studies of four representative university campuses with analyzing the lighting conditions and facility satisfaction. The result of this study is following. From the present lighting status, there are 664(l9types) lightings at Kyunghee University, 350(17types) at Sungkyunkwan University and 437(l9types) at Ajou University. Main materials of the lightings are metal, iron and stainless. Moreover, most illuminants are white-colored metal-halide lamp. There is no specially designed lighting facility because ready-made goods were used. Furthermore, the locations of lightings are not suitable so some are useless. Most main spatial illuminations are not satisfying outdoor standard, so it can be concluded that the designs of present campuses are not carrying on with-out plans. From the result, present campus lighting does not satisfy the desire of users in aesthetic and functional point of view but consider the luminosity. However, even though the luminosity does not standardize the law. It is because the design does not reflect a suitable standard with desire of users and it does not have a long term plan. Moreover, the campus design has no study about development plan even though it has enough green area which has a potential possibility to overcome the lack of green areas in a city. Therefore, it is needed to design a comprehensive campus plan which satisfies the desire of students and residents with considering promotion of excitement and harmony through adjusting luminosity of the lighting facilities and supplying various lighting resources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.194-206
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• 1998

In 1977, Local governments' planting regulations for the development projects were established in accordance with the revised building law in Korea. A landscaped area, planting densities of trees and shrubs, a percentage of evergreen plants, minimum tree size and species were prescribed in the planting regulations. But the clauses for an excessive planting density and a high ratio of evergreen trees that the regulations includes, have been gradually in the way to a creative planting design, and raise a problem of poor growth of trees an a disordered planting landscape. Therefore, in this study the present planting regulations of 124 local governments throughout the country were analyzed and compared with 13 foreign local governments' of 4 countries ; Japan, the United States of America, Canada and Singapore. And the linitations and characteristics of the regulations are drawn as follows ; 1. The regulations focus on controlling the green spaces and plantings by quantitative methods such as controlling the number of trees and the landscaped area, which are inadequate for estimating the crown coverage of mature trees, and which areinadequate for estimating the crown coverage of mature trees, and implementing the function of polantings and the use of green spaces. 2. Minimums of tree densities are higher than those of foreign countries, especially higher about 10 times to 100 times than those of the United States of America. 3.Excessive number of evergreen trees and fruit trees should be planted under the present planting regulations, that results in constricting the creativity in planting design. 4. An article for using specific tree size, 2.0ms over in height makes it difficult to use a wide variety of different sizes of trees. And there is no incentive measures when larger trees are planted. To enhance the quality of green spaces and plantings, it is needed that the function and locating of green spaces and plantings have to be emphasized, and the planting density should be concerned about the mature tree size. The incentive measure to use various sizes of trees is also needed, and the regulations to use excessive number of evergreen trees or fruit trees should be loosened.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.43-50
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• 2012

The Green Infrastructure Framework refers to an interconnected network formed by greenways that links gardens, parks, green spaces, streams, wetlands, agricultural lands, and green belts. Green infrastructure supports diverse functions to environment, provides various benefits to people, and helps in the community's health and viability. It can store stormwater runoff and abate its non-point source pollutants. Due to its advantages and profits, advanced countries in environment policies have adopted green infrastructure in planning and implementing urban and regional development. The Korean government and municipalities have focused upon grey infrastructure investment in the past, which causes occurrence of natural disasters such as draught, flood, and landslides, degradation of water and air quality, decline of biodiversity, and even inhibition of economic activities. In order to alleviate these problems, it is requested to formulate and implement policies for green infrastructure at the national government level. USA and Korean situation of green infrastructure were investigated; forty components of green infrastructure were drawn. Nine policies utilized in the USA cases were identified, which are applicable to Korea. Among them, five policies can be implemented in public sector and four in private one. The green infrastructure law needed in Korea was suggested. The amendments of laws regarding green infrastructure and alternatives expending it were proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.46-56
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• 2013

This research prepared safety standard for out-door fitness and this research's purpose is to evaluate and investigate safety condition for out-door fitness which was distributed in domestic residence by applying TUV standard which evaluate product's safety inspection. We choose twelve companies which have many sales' amount and investigated for ten out-door fitness which have high consumer preferences. As a result of that, the ratio of successful applicants for safety evaluation was 55.1%. The terms desired was evaluated highly in safety for out-door fitness's fixing condition. However, the terms desired was evaluated lowly in safety for movable condition. Fitness equipment which has high consumer preferences was compared lowly than other equipment in safety part. It was analyzed that there was no difference in safety evaluation according to manufacturing company. So, it is necessary to prepare safety standard by establishing law in order to prevent accident while they are using because we cannot think that fitness equipments which was distributed in domestic area have high safety. We think that preparing safety standard can influence on preventing accident and reinforcing out-door fitness manufacturing companies' competitive.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.84-101
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• 2004

This study presents an ecological management plan for wildbird habitat conservation, an nature-friendly enhancement of bio-diversity using the riverside of the Tancheon Ecosystem Conservation Area in Seoul by analyzing environmental and ecological characteristics. As a result of analyzing actual vegetation, vegetation type was classified into 34 types. Humulus japonicus association covers an area of 441,568.6㎡(31.44％), and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis association covers an area of 89,690.1㎡(6.39％). Sandy plain as valuable wildbird habitat covers an area of 89,965.9㎡(6.4％). 125 taxa including 34 families, 93 genera, 107 species, and 18 varieties were recorded and the number of naturalized plants were 41 taxa at the survey site. Total naturalized index(NI) and urbanized index(UI) were recorded as 32.8％, and 15.5％. As a result of analyzing the herb plants association structure by surveying 8 belt-transects, the humid native plants was dominant in the partially adjacent revetment edge and damp riverside. On the other hand, naturalized plants was so extensively dominant that it was necessary to establish an ecological management plan. The observed wildbirds belonged to 50 species, 6,118 individuals, and 7 restricted species by law, which were Accipiter gentilis, Falco tinnunculus, Buteo hemilasius, and Buteo buteo. Oriolus chinensis,Hirundo rustica, and Alcedo atthis. The ecological administration plan for Tancheon Ecosystem Conservation Area as follows: in ecological land-use planning, the conservation area(695,518.5㎡) has native woody and herb vegetation and sandy plain with water as an wildbird habitat. The restoration area(653,702.7㎡) has a naturalized plants distribution are with artificial revetment. The nature-friendly Riverside Area(55,414.9㎡) was an easily approached area with damaged riverside vegetation, and a safe area to wildbird habitat. In riverside restoration planning, the artificial riverside should be restored to its natural riverside vegetation, and the artificial embankment should be restored with edge shrubs for wildbird habitat or revegetated for natural riverside landscape. For naturalized plants management planning, we selected naturalized plant species to be weeded out, and suggested an application method for ecological management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.31-40
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• 2014

The importance of green spaces in the city is growing each day. Local governments are taking charge of park development works that are having difficulty in developing and managing urban parks due to high land value as well as a shortage in finances. This is even though an urban park is defined as an urban planning facility and the law provides park area per person. Civil residents, meanwhile, are using not only urban parks provided by law but also other green areas such as rivers, reservoirs, and school playgrounds because they recognize urban green areas by the concept of use. In this study, accordingly, urban green areas were sorted into two types, urban parks, parks provided by law, and other green areas, and the difference in use pattern and use satisfaction by type was analyzed. As a result of analysis, there was no remarkable difference between the two types. According to such results, it was found that it is necessary to include other green areas, such as rivers, reservoirs, school green areas, and apartment green areas in addition to the current park green areas provided by law when park area per person is calculated, and such calculation of urban green areas reflecting local characteristics can reduce local governments' financial burden and improve the effectiveness of future urban park policies. It is judged that such results can become a plan against the cancellation of unexecuted urban facilities. The fact that accessibility factors, such as road satisfaction, access convenience, and convenient movement, are affecting satisfaction with the use of urban parks suggests that it is important to improve urban park accessibilities rather than to quantitatively expand park area in order to improve satisfaction with urban parks. Considering that people travel to urban green areas mostly by walking, it is necessary for access convenience to conduct follow-up studies such as barrier-free and securing walking stability through analysis of routes to urban green areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to present the legal object in the related legislation taking the present condition of the domestic laws and the leading cases connected with ecological restoration materials and analyzing their properties according to the analytic standards which are legal class and ecological restoration material items, the present condition by the field of ecological restoration business, interrelationship between the law and the leading cases, comparison of the domestic laws with the foreign regulations. The results of this study are as follows; 1) Detailed enforcement regulation(36.5% of totals), enforcement regulation(32.4%) and law(31.1%) as legal class of the domestic legislation relating to ecological restoration materials are in the order of frequency that shows the little strong frequency at low-ranking class. By items, the number of legislation relating to planting material holds about majority, next to it, stone material, soil material and wood material are in the order of frequency. 2) By the field of ecological restoration business, legislation relating to administration forms the highest frequency(36.3% of totals), next to it, material properties(23.4%), plan design(13.0%) are in the order of frequency. 3) For the number of the leading cases by items of ecological restoration materials, those are, for the most part, them relating to planting material(93.8% of totals). The number of legislation relating to planting material forms the highest frequency at laws and the leading cases in common. 4) The domestic legislation connected with ecological restoration materials is mainly to be in legal class of the positive law, on the contrary, a foreign country has legislation widely consisted of laws, ordinances and other general regulations. Some foreign country legislated the topsoil conservation act, but not to domestic. The result of this study will be applied to legislature and court as reference materials, and to the public and public officer as a means of an understanding of ecological restoration materials.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.1 s.18
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• pp.29-40
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• 1999

This paper discusses the change of land ownership in the urban historical core of Kyungju city in the Period of Japanese occupancy(1910-45) based on the analysis of land register records. Kyungju city was not designated for the cities controlled by urban planning law which was set up in 1912 and 1934. The major purpose of this paper is to clarify the urbanization process of a Korean local city where the formal urban planning projects were not carried out. The focus of the study is the increase of the Japanese landowners and Japanization of the landscape. In the very beginning of occupation, Japanese already owned about 8% of the total land of the city centre where the old Kyungju castle had been located. The ratio of the land owned by Japanese went up to more or less 70% at the end of World war II. The process which the urban core had been replaced for the Japanese is very clearly traced from the analysis of a land register records.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• v.1
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• pp.25-54
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• 2019

Kyoto, which was Japan's political and cultural capital for more than a millennium before the dawn of the modern era, shows distinctive characteristics formed in the process of urban modernization. A citizen plaza perfectly fit to a modern city is lying on the east side, but a delayed urban reconstruction in the city center due to a strong conservative self-government awareness, as well as a delayed modernization of tax system, caused disorderly urban sprawl to appear in the suburbs. Thanks to the enactment of urban planning law enacted in 1919 by the government (Ministry of Internal Affairs) and an increasing awareness about the necessity and rationality of urban planning projects, urban renovation took place at a rapid pace. In the meantime, new ways of urban design were sought for and experimented to conserve it as a historical city against the city' quickly changing landscape.