• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.124-133
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to interpret the landscape characteristics of Changdeokgung's rear garden with the idea of Yijing(意境) the way to have a sense of an imaginative object. A term of Jing(境) in Yi-jing means a boundary of man's consciousness. On the boundary of consciousness for an imaginative object, there is a situation of man's emotion to be called Qingjing(情境) to meet an object, and beyond Qingjing, there is Yijing, a consciousness of the idea and the truth. The Structure of the Yijing is an analytical framework in this study. It is clarified that the idea of Yijing and landscape characteristics of changdeokgung's rear garden to analyze works of kings and related historical documents. In result, there were three kings named Injo, Sukjeong and Jeongjo who played big roles to develop the rear garden. First, Injo had built physical structure of the rear garden, the second Sukjong enjoyed Qingjing with composing the poems of Sangrimshipkyoung(上林十景), Jeongjo clearly had made a boundary of idea of Yijing broaden. It is an effective way to interpret imaginative characteristics of our traditional landscape through the concept of Yijing the useful way to understand and systemize a subject of idealistic consciousness.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.89-102
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• 2015

This study contemplates the tendency of the examination questions for History of Korean Landscape Architecture. The study targets the questions of 'Landscape Architecture History' which has been set in the written test for National Qualification Test of a landscape engineer for recent 10 years from 2005 to 2014 and derives analyzable items based on the guidelines of question-setting presented by Human Resources Development Service of Korea. The results of the study are drawn as follows. First, among 5 areas composing Landscape History, the proportion of Korean Landscape questions is getting increased while that of Western ones is decreasing. Second, about 30 traditional trees and 11 types of traditional landscape elements including traditional facilities were shown in Korean Landscape questions. Besides, history, geographic, practical science, horticulture, anthology books and the 25 tradition landscape-related historic documents categorized as the garden painting data were found. And the kings from ancient era to Choseon Dynasty who were associated with the time of palace garden building, the builders or owners of the villas, the authors of the document and Chinese scholars also appeared. Third, there were no the questions of prehistoric times and Balhae Kingdom, whereas those of Choseon Dynasty were dominantly focused. Among the traditional sites of Choseon Dynasty, Byeolseo(villas) were set most, followed by Dosung or Gung-gweol(castle towns or palaces), houses, Nu Jeong Dea(pavilions) and Seowon(local schools) in order. Nak-an eupseong and Yong-ju sa were the only cases for a castle town and a temple each. Fourth, being associated with tradition spaces, the questions asked for understanding the detailed contents of time of sites' construction, builders, location features, building structures, ground plan types and the components s of garden. In addition, as a result of checking whether traditional landscape sites were shown in the set questions in 9 Korean Landscape textbooks, Dongchundang, Pungamjeonsa, Simgogseowon did not appeared. As a result of reviewing the tendency of the examination questions for History of Korean Landscape Architecture, the questions which ask minor facts without generality and which include difficult information and site uncomprehended in the textbook should be reconsidered.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.120-130
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• 2009

This study focuses on the methodology of an ecological interpretation of Korean traditional landscapes through both life-oriented philosophy and traditional Korean philosophy which are similar to ecology. Also, useful tools for discovering an ecological technique of formation based on the ecological thoughts in ancestors' life are shown. Ecological key words as interpretative tools on the traditional landscape replaced ecological concepts in Korean culture and landscape. There are 'Bonsung(本性; the original nature)', 'Chungjeol(中絶; moderation)', 'Hyoyul(效率; efficiency)', 'Sangsaeng(相生; symbiosis)', 'Jasaeng(自生; self-generation)', 'Chunghwa(中和; neutralization)', 'Bangtong(旁通; communication)', and 'Byuntong(變通; variableness)'. For the case study, the concepts of 'spatial structure', 'constructive elements in the traditional gardens', and 'structural elements in the dwelling houses' were extracted from $\ulcorner$Imwonkyeongjeji$\lrcorner$ as an interpretative subject. As a result, Jeongon house, Jongtaek of Choi's family(the first incoming resident) showed us an ecological technique of formation by interpretation on the composing elements. Namely, they are natural dwelling houses in harmony with natural conditions and delicate relational styles. Five kinds of ecological characteristics were exposed. They are: 1. land use method following natural features('本性' '相生' '中和'), 2. physical and spatial elements in a body with nature('中絶' '相生' '中和'), 3. sustainable circulation system by recycling limited resources('效率' '自生' '旁通'), 4. use of natural materials based on the regional climate ('中絶' '效率' '自生') and 5. plane and structural decision by microclimate('效率' '自生' '變通'). Consequently, the dwelling houses and their traditional gardens aimed at the consuming space of the efficient resources by utilizing and circulating natural energy more than different types of the traditional spaces.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.43-56
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• 1987

The concept of ‘Open Space’ is conceived to be very valuable subject of interest in developing modern settlement system. In Korea, many new and old residential sites have been developed or renewed to fulfil the housing demands. And such trends seem to continue for the time being. What is more, the requirments for more comfortable residential environments, that is deeply concerned with ‘Open Space’, inorease gradually. As a basis for designing more efficent residential environments to fit Korean morden life style, self - grown, traditional and agricultural villages are studied. This study is concenturated on the Open Space System with its socio - cultural and physical backgrounds. For this, data and materials are some widely collected and are analysed focused on the systems and structures of ‘Open Spaee’. Some results from this study are summarized as follow ; 1. It is assumed that the number of houses per village is around 60, and that its area reaches to the radious of 3-4km. 2. ‘POONGSU’is a generally adopted theory based on natural elements like mountians, waters, and orientations when locating villages and composing their spatial structures. As a result of this, the basic structures of villages and Open Space are defined. 3. Circulation system is integrated to the hierachyal order system ; that is, Passing Road \longrightarrowEntry Road\longrightarrowCentral Read\longrightarrowDisperse and Access Road. 4. The natural and agricultural land uses are overlapped with diverse outdoor activities - religious services, play and recreation, relaxation, etc - without any physical modification. 5. At each villages, several artificial and spot - like green facilities are found. And distinctive functions, meanings, and locationalities are given to each of them. On that, they become a visual and psychological centers of each village. 6. In addition to its basic function of circulation, Central Road takes the sence of place for outdoor activities. Because of this charactor, it plays an important role of activating the village life and binding the various Open Space elements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.70-83
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• 1998

With the launch of a new millenium of the 21st century ahead, one of tasks that need to be considered in urban ecological aspect is the understanding of impact of continuing urbanization on urban ecosystem, habitats, and various species of animals and plants. In addition, alternatives and measures to mitigate these impacts including environment restoration should be pursued. In this article, the following points will be reviewed; 1) the definition and significance of an eco-city and "ecological network", 2) the necessity of an eco-network as one of factors composing an eco-city, in the aspects of urban planning and urban ecology, 3) ways to build an urban ecological network and example of foreign countries, 4) as an example of a city in Korea, the present state and impending tasks of the ecological network of Seoul city, and 5) a brief conclusion and suggestion. By providing a basic tool called "an ecological network" for urban space planning, it attempts to contribute in promoting networking of cities (netropolis) and urban biodiversity. It is believed that how to create an ecological network in an artificially developed urban area is a pending issue we are faced with. Herein lies the necessity of natural environment restoration and creation based on the so-called the Third Ecology. Regarding the efforts to return the Nature to urban citizens, there is a need to view the development of a desirable urban ecological network as the starting point and finishing point of the effort. In this way, it is believed that the objectives of urban sustainability through netropolis development would also be achieved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.58-68
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• 2014

Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld is often regarded as 'a father of landscape garden art.' He was an aesthetics professor and garden theoretician in the $18^{th}$ century. He put forth the most comprehensive garden theory book in five volumes between 1779 and 1785. His book, Theorie der Gartenkunst, was translated and widely circulated in his contemporary. The book, which dealt with diverse aspects of garden art such as history, design, material, and type, urged to promote the prevalence of landscape garden in European continents as well as in Germany. However, there have scarcely been discourses in the Hirschfeld's garden theory. This essay aims to review Hirschfeld's garden thoughts in his book critically and to reinterpret some issues in the contemporary landscape theory and practice. Hirschfeldian theory was the product of $18^{th}$ century German Enlightenment and romanticism. At that time, Nature was regarded as divine realm. There was a German affinity with natural world. The spread of reading culture and the fashion of travel literature were another background of the success of his garden literature. Several issues in Hirschfeld garden theory will discussed here. First, privileging garden art was the most significant contribution in his theory. He emphasized that garden art was the most advanced art form among all art genres. Second, garden art was grounded on the mimesis of nature. The ambiguous relationship between nature and art still existed in garden making. However, garden art can be flourished when utilizing the potency of nature in itself. Third, there was the association between the image and the idea in experiencing the garden. Some garden scenes stimulated the related emotional responses such as cheerful and merry, softly melancholic, romantic, solemn etc. Fourth, the movement was the essential aspect of garden art. Motion and emotion are come together in garden experience. To represent the landscape garden style in suitable way, the sketch or image seems to be preferable than the plans and views. Finally, garden art was composing of not only the physical space but also the spirit of place. He maintained the garden art as hortus moralis should be a social metaphor. Hirschfeldian garden theory has often been criticized as the lack of practical power and the old fashioned idea. However, his theory influenced on formulating the idea of public park in $19^{th}$ century. Moreover, there are still some visionary aspects of his theory such as the reevaluation of garden art, the emphasis of locality and the introduction of Mittelweg idea. Recently, gardening culture are prevalent in various realms of art and life. Hirschfeld's garden theory as humanistic landscape theory can provide us some insights in the contemporary practices.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.58-68
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• 2017

The conclusion of this research after analyzing and interpreting the landscape structure and meaning of Yeongsajeongpalkyung (永思亭八景) that appears in Yeongsajeongpalyeongsi(永思亭八詠詩) of Cheonggye(靑溪) Yang, Dae-bak(梁大樸, 1544~1592) and through document studies, poetry and painting analysis and interpretation, and site investigation, is as follows. Yeongsajeong and its nearby lands are the area of "Yeongsa", where the builder, Ahn, Jeon(安?, 1518~1571) worshipped towards the grave of ancestors, and Yeongsajeongpalkyung oversees a family burial ground in Namwon, centering around Yeongsajeong such as Yocheon, Geumseokgyo and Cheonggyedong, and Sunjagang River and Mountain Jiri, which are the foot hold and key points of advantageous scenic views in Namwon. Yeongsajeongpalkyung, unlike general Jeongjapalkyung, shows a panoramic bird's-eye structure overseeing the landscape and scenery of the Yocheon area and Sunjagang River, in addition to Yeongsajeong, while show in a transition of location, a multi-view structure and time. The trace of visual unity with Sosangpalkyung of China can be seen in many places in Yeongsajeongpalkyung, which seems to be a transitional feature of composing poems regarding Palgyeong during the mid-Joseon dynasty, which pursues harmony with the local landscape of the Namwon area. The 'Changsongchwijuk(蒼松翠竹)' appearing in each of the first and second scenic views of Palgyeong and Yeongsajeongpalyeong can be understood as an incarnation of Yang, Dae-bak, the author of Palyeongsi or Ahn, Jeon, the builder of Yeongsajeong. On the other hand, as a result of interpreting the yin-yang features of poetic diction and picture elements appearing in the subtitle of Yeongsajeongpalyeong, Palyeongsi seems mostly full of yin-like elements and Palgyeongdo. Moreover, as a result of comparing and analyzing the acts expressed in and acts described in Yeongsajeongpalyeong, based on the fact that the reis almost no common ground between the two media except for Soongangmowoo, the third scenic view, the formal similarity between the two media can be acknowledged, however, it is difficult to discover any substantive 'integrity of poetry and painting'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.170-181
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• 2011

This Research will explore the meaning indicated in the landscape meaning and feature of literary group culture, focusing in Gurujeong(九老亭: pavilion for nine elders) and Samgaeseokmun(三溪石門: stone gate in three valleys) located in Dundeok-myun, Imshil-gun, and will seek to understand the implications by studying the cultural landscape spread out in the area. The place where Gurojeong and Samgaeseokmun is located is the meeting point of the three valleys, Dunnam stream, Osu stream, and Yul stream, which is the main location to view the beautiful scenery, which has the nickname as the dwelling place of a celestial being. Especially, based on the description of old maps, "Samgae(three valleys)" and "Samgaeseokmun" possesses significance as a landmark and shows a characteristic feature of landscape structures of low hills. Dangugurohwe(丹丘九老會: nine elders gathering on the dwelling of a celestial being) originated from Hyangsangurohwe(香山九老會: gathering of nine elders on a fragrant mountain), where Baekgeoi(白居易) of China was one of the main people. This group was organized by nine elders over the age of 60 desiring to view the scenery of Doyeonmyeong. The group enhanced the literary spirit on the low hill, erecting a tower, and enjoying the beautiful scenery changing every season with scholars from the same region. This phenomenon seems to have been formed upon the positive response to gatherings of elders, which were prevalent in the Joseon Dynasty. If the internal idea pursued by the group was "longevity," the external idea pursued can be summarized as "the spirit the respect for the elders." Naming the groups as 'Dangudae(place where the celestial being lives), Guseondong(valley of seeking a celestial life), Bangjangsan(mountain of a high priest), and Daecheondae(place of communicating with God) was likely a device to introspect oneself and symbolize one's life process. Furthermore, the reason Samgaeseokmun, which is an imitation of Choi, Chiwon's work, was built near Soyocheo, was probably to yearn the celestial land and based on the desire to follow Choi, Chiwon, who was the most self-fulfilling being presumed to have become a celestial being by practicing the pursuit of freedom, escaping from the reality. After tracing the symbolizing meaning of the four letters carved in the left side of the stone wall of Dangudae, the conclusion that this place was not only a place for literary gatherings of the nine elders of Saseong(four families), but was a place where the celestial being dwelled could be inferred. Corresponding with Dangudae and Gurojeong, which are places where the order of human and nature is harmonized and where its meaning associated with the location intensifies, arouses strong bond, can be said to be the symbol of the traces of celestial beings where the spirits of attachment to a certain place is embedded. The acts performed in Dangugurohwe were those of traditional leisure including strolling, viewing the scenery, drinking, composing poems, and playing instruments, and sometimes listening to stories, tea ceremony, prayers, and fishing were added, which indicates that the gathering had a strong tendency towards pastoral and hermit life.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate supply factors of urban parks to answer the research question: What are the causal effects of supply factors of urban parks on visitor satisfaction? After reviewing the literature and the Korean park planning process, we constructed a conceptual framework and have formulated the hypothesis of this research. We had obtained data through a questionnaire, which surveyed 452 visitors at 8 urban parks in Daegu Metropolitan City in 2008, based on a stratified sampling method. After the elimination of 96 unsuitable samples, we have analyzed the data using descriptive statistical methods, Pearson's correlation analysis and a path analysis method. We have found that: 1) While the direct and indirect effect of accessibility(ACC) on visitor satisfaction(VS) turned out to be 0.184 and 0.220, respectively, the indirect effect of information(IFM) and promotion(PRM) on VS turned out to be 0.101 and 0.177, respectively. 2) While the direct and indirect effect of service(SVR) on VS turned out to be 0.130 and 0.236, respectively, the direct effect of ACC turned out to be 0.698. 3) While the direct effect of ACC, SVR and attraction(ATT) on VS turned out to be 0.184, 0.130 and 0.698, respectively, composing 67.96% of causal effect, the indirect effect of ACC, IFM, PRM and SVR on VS turned out to be 0.220, 0.101, 0.177 and 0.236, respectively, composing 42.04% of causal effect. 4) The magnitude of causal effect of supply factors on VS turned out to be ATT(39.98%), ACC(23.14%), SVR(20.96%), PRM(10.14%) and IFM(5.78%) in order, and 5) the causal effect of external supply factors of ACC, IFM and PRM compose 39.06% of the causal effect while that of the internal supply factors of SVR and ATT is 69.94%. The research results suggest that: 1) Planning for park marketing strategy and remedial directions for existing urban parks, in order to increase visitor satisfaction, be focused on IFM and PRM, especially. 2) The research approach and path analysis method adopted by this research be valid and highly useful for planning and evaluation of other recreation areas. It is recommended that: 1) Structural Equation Model on supply factors of urban parks be established in the future. 2) Evaluation of supply factors by type of urban park be performed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.160-171
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• 2018

This study aims to find an original form of temple flower decoration patterns, considering floral lattice pattern as a view element composing temple landscape. To that end, we analyzed and interpreted the form and symbol expressed in the floral lattice pattern at Nahanjeon of Seonghyel Temple at Yeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo. The front side of Nahanjeon windows shows a sculpture with 176 pure patterns in a form where two squares are in sequence. The basic concept of main front door (the inner gate of Nahanjeon) frames is considered the design language of lotus pond that symbolizes "square land" in traditional gardens. The four leaf clover and arrowhead are water plants discovered in areas nearby ponds, which are a realistic expression conforming to the water ecology of lotus pond. The lotus, which is the most important plant at the main front door, indicates purity, a non-stained state, and the world of the lotus sanctuary, which is the land of blissful happiness in Buddhism. The lotus expressed in the floral lattice pattern is spread in a diverse form, containing the features of creation and destruction, showing the landscape character of the "One Body of Buddha and Lotus". The expression of flying birds such as kingfishers and egrets is an ecologically aesthetic idea to infuse dynamism and vitality into a seemingly static aquatic ecosystem. The floral lattice pattern contains lotus pond scenery showing symbiosis of animals(i.e., dragons, frogs, crabs, fishes, egrets, wild geese, and kingfishers) and plants(i.e., four leaf clovers and arrowheads), which are symbols of relief faith for longevity, wealth, preciousness, and many sons. The pattern is not just an ecological aesthetic expression but a holistic harmony of ecological components such as growth and disappearance of lotus and its leaves, fitting habitats, symbiosis, and food chain.