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An Ecological Aesthetics and Symbolism of the Seonghyelsa Nahanjeon Floral Lattice with Patterns of Lotus Pond Scenery

연지(蓮池)로 본 성혈사 나한전 꽃살문양의 생태미학과 상징성

  • 노재현 (우석대학교 조경학과) ;
  • 이다영 (우송대학교 미디어디자인학과) ;
  • 최승희 (우석대학교 건축학과)
  • Received : 2018.08.03
  • Accepted : 2018.08.29
  • Published : 2018.09.30

Abstract

This study aims to find an original form of temple flower decoration patterns, considering floral lattice pattern as a view element composing temple landscape. To that end, we analyzed and interpreted the form and symbol expressed in the floral lattice pattern at Nahanjeon of Seonghyel Temple at Yeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo. The front side of Nahanjeon windows shows a sculpture with 176 pure patterns in a form where two squares are in sequence. The basic concept of main front door (the inner gate of Nahanjeon) frames is considered the design language of lotus pond that symbolizes "square land" in traditional gardens. The four leaf clover and arrowhead are water plants discovered in areas nearby ponds, which are a realistic expression conforming to the water ecology of lotus pond. The lotus, which is the most important plant at the main front door, indicates purity, a non-stained state, and the world of the lotus sanctuary, which is the land of blissful happiness in Buddhism. The lotus expressed in the floral lattice pattern is spread in a diverse form, containing the features of creation and destruction, showing the landscape character of the "One Body of Buddha and Lotus". The expression of flying birds such as kingfishers and egrets is an ecologically aesthetic idea to infuse dynamism and vitality into a seemingly static aquatic ecosystem. The floral lattice pattern contains lotus pond scenery showing symbiosis of animals(i.e., dragons, frogs, crabs, fishes, egrets, wild geese, and kingfishers) and plants(i.e., four leaf clovers and arrowheads), which are symbols of relief faith for longevity, wealth, preciousness, and many sons. The pattern is not just an ecological aesthetic expression but a holistic harmony of ecological components such as growth and disappearance of lotus and its leaves, fitting habitats, symbiosis, and food chain.

꽃창살은 사찰경관을 구성하는 조형요소이며 조망시점이 외부에서 형성되는 장식적 경관요소라는 인식 아래, 경북 영주시 성혈사 나한전의 꽃창살에 표현된 연지의 생태미학적 특성과 도입된 소재의 상징성을 분석 해석한 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 나한전 정칸 창호에는 사각형 2개가 연속된 문틀 등 비목재 부분을 제외하고 총 176개의 순수 문양이 조각되어 있다. 그 중 중문 어칸(御間) 문살의 기본 개념은 전통정원에서 방지(方池)를 상징하는 연지의 설계언어로 판단된다. 창살 어칸에서 가장 비중이 높은 식물인 연꽃은 '청정(淸淨)'과 '불염(不染)' 그리고 불교의 극락세계인 연화장세계로 인식되며 꽃창살에 묘사된 연꽃은 생성소멸의 특징을 담은 다채로운 형태로 펼쳐져 있어 불연일체(佛蓮一體)의 경관상(景觀像)이 잘 드러나고 있다. 또한 네가래와 벗풀은 실제 연못 주변에서 발견되는 수생식물로 생태적 측면에서도 연지의 수생태계와도 부합되는 사실적 표현일 뿐 아니라 물총새, 백로, 왜가리 등 날짐승의 표현은 정적인 수생태계에 동세와 활력을 불어넣고자 한 생태미학적 발상이다. 또한 동자승을 비롯하여 수(壽) 부(富) 귀(貴) 다남(多男) 등의 기복사상을 구현하고자 한 것으로 판단되는 물총새, 기러기(백로), 물고기, 참게, 개구리 그리고 용 등 7개 분류형의 동물들과 식물이 공생하는 연지풍경을 꽃창살에 연출하였다. 성혈사 나한전 어칸의 꽃창살은 연과 연잎의 생성과 소멸, 서식처의 생태적 적지(敵地), 공생과 먹이연쇄 등 수생태계 측면에서도 매우 부합되는 표현으로 가득하며 이는 상징과 생태미학의 총화이자연지 풍경의 총합적 어울림이다.

Keywords

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