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Interpretation of C.C.L.Hirschfeld's Theory of Garden Art in Contemporary Meaning and Its Significance

히르시펠트(C.C.L.Hirschfeld) 정원예술론의 의미와 가치의 현대적 해석

  • Zoh, Kyung-Jin (Department of Landscape Architecture Graduate School of Environment Studies, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2014.08.02
  • Accepted : 2014.08.20
  • Published : 2014.09.30

Abstract

Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld is often regarded as 'a father of landscape garden art.' He was an aesthetics professor and garden theoretician in the $18^{th}$ century. He put forth the most comprehensive garden theory book in five volumes between 1779 and 1785. His book, Theorie der Gartenkunst, was translated and widely circulated in his contemporary. The book, which dealt with diverse aspects of garden art such as history, design, material, and type, urged to promote the prevalence of landscape garden in European continents as well as in Germany. However, there have scarcely been discourses in the Hirschfeld's garden theory. This essay aims to review Hirschfeld's garden thoughts in his book critically and to reinterpret some issues in the contemporary landscape theory and practice. Hirschfeldian theory was the product of $18^{th}$ century German Enlightenment and romanticism. At that time, Nature was regarded as divine realm. There was a German affinity with natural world. The spread of reading culture and the fashion of travel literature were another background of the success of his garden literature. Several issues in Hirschfeld garden theory will discussed here. First, privileging garden art was the most significant contribution in his theory. He emphasized that garden art was the most advanced art form among all art genres. Second, garden art was grounded on the mimesis of nature. The ambiguous relationship between nature and art still existed in garden making. However, garden art can be flourished when utilizing the potency of nature in itself. Third, there was the association between the image and the idea in experiencing the garden. Some garden scenes stimulated the related emotional responses such as cheerful and merry, softly melancholic, romantic, solemn etc. Fourth, the movement was the essential aspect of garden art. Motion and emotion are come together in garden experience. To represent the landscape garden style in suitable way, the sketch or image seems to be preferable than the plans and views. Finally, garden art was composing of not only the physical space but also the spirit of place. He maintained the garden art as hortus moralis should be a social metaphor. Hirschfeldian garden theory has often been criticized as the lack of practical power and the old fashioned idea. However, his theory influenced on formulating the idea of public park in $19^{th}$ century. Moreover, there are still some visionary aspects of his theory such as the reevaluation of garden art, the emphasis of locality and the introduction of Mittelweg idea. Recently, gardening culture are prevalent in various realms of art and life. Hirschfeld's garden theory as humanistic landscape theory can provide us some insights in the contemporary practices.

크리스티안 케이 로렌츠 히르시펠트(Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld)(1742-1792)는 18세기 독일의 미학자이자 정원이론가로 당대에 '풍경식 정원예술의 아버지'라고 불리었다. 그는 '정원예술론'이란 5권의 저작에서 정원이론을 집대성하였고 이는 현재까지도 가장 포괄적인 정원이론서로 여겨진다. 정원역사에서 식물소재, 공간구성요소와 정원유형 등을 다루고 있는 이 이론서는 당대에 유럽에 널리 알려졌고, 이로 인해 영국 풍경식정원을 널리 보급시키는데 크게 이바지하게 된다. 그러나 히르시펠트의 정원론에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이 논문은 히르시펠트 정원론의 주요 내용을 살펴보고 현대적 관점에서의 주요 쟁점을 해석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 히르시펠트 정원이론은 18세기 독일 계몽주의와 낭만주의가 교차하는 지점에 태동되었고, 자연이 지닌 정신적 가치를 중시하는 독일문화의 산물이기도 했다. 당대 독서문화가 활성화되고 기행문학이 유행하게 된 사회 현상이 정원이론서가 소비될 수 있었던 배경이 되기도 했다. 오늘날 관점에서 히르시펠트 정원론이 기여한 바와 이를 재해석할 수 있는 쟁점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정원예술의 위상을 높이는데 크게 기여했다는 점이다. 둘째, 히르시펠트는 정원예술은 자연의 모방이라는 전제 아래 자연의 원형 경관과 고안된 정원과의 관계를 규명하였으며, 정원은 자연의 아름다움을 최대한 표현하고 끌어낼 때 진정한 예술적 가치를 지닐 수 있다고 주창하였다. 셋째, 히르시펠트는 특정 정원의 인상과 관념이 연합하여 화학적 작용을 일으킨다는 점을 강조하였다. 특정 감정을 불러일으키는 공간을 그는 유쾌하고 쾌활한 축제와 같은 정원, 온화하고 멜랑코리한 정원, 낭만적인 정원, 장엄한 정원 등으로 구분하였다. 넷째, 그는 정원에서의 움직임이 감정을 불러일으키는 중요한 국면임을 강조하였다. 움직임이 중시되는 풍경식정원에서 풍경화식 재현방식이 적절한 방식으로 활용되었다. 다섯째로는 정원은 단지 물리적 공간이 아닌 정신이 구현된 장소임을 환기시켰고, 나아가 삶의 은유로서 윤리적 정원을 실천해야 한다고 주창하였다. 히르시펠트의 정원론은 18세기에 저술된 이론적 저작으로 현재적 시점에서의 구체적인 실천적 함의가 부족하다는 비판적 시각이 있다. 하지만 그는 공공 정원에 대한 논의를 통하여 19세기 도시공원운동의 단초를 제공하였다. 정원예술의 위상제고, 지역성의 강조, 실천이념으로 중재 개념이 그의 이론에서 우리가 주목해야 할 지점이다. 무엇보다도 정원문화가 새롭게 부각되는 오늘날 인문학적 조경론의 가능성을 제시했다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있다.

Keywords

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