• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.716-721
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• 2012

This study was designed to compare the quality characteristics of spray-dried (SD) and freeze-dried (FD) powders prepared with hot water extracts of sea mustard (Undraia pinnatifada) and sea tangle (Laminaria longissima). The moisture content of FD seawed was lower than that of SD, and sea mustard had a higher overall moisture content than sea tangle. The alginic acid content of SD seaweed was significantly higher than that of FD seaweed for both species. There were relatively higher contents of phenolic compounds in SD powders than in FD powders. DPPH radical scavenging ability was significantly greater in SD seaweed, and also, SOD-like activity in SD powders was higher than those of FD powders. However, the nitrite scavenging activity of FD powders of sea mustard (10 mg/mL) was higher than that of SD. In conclusion, spray-dried sea mustard and sea tangle extracts exhibited higher physiological functionalities than their freeze-dried counterparts.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.458-470
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• 2013

Haliotis discus, a useful abalone of herbivorous gastropod, shows feeding preference to marine algae depending upon their growth stage and recognition of taste. This study was carried out to investigate this abalone's algal preferences and the presence of feeding stimulants. In single-choice experiments the small (S) group generally preferred Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta), whereas the medium (M) and large (L) group preferred both Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta) and Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta). In multi-choice experiments using 4 algal species of L. japonica, U. pertusa, U. pinnatifida and Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyta), the results were same as in the single-choice experiments; the S group preferred U. pertusa the most, while the M and L group preferred both U. pinnatifida and L. japonica. However E. cava was not preferred by any groups. In order to examine the presence of feeding stimulant, chemical compounds from algae used as feed were isolated and identified. The abalone responded to water soluble matters of L. japonica, U. pinnatifida and U. pertusa, but those of E. cava and Sargassum sagamianum (Phaeophyta) were not attractive to them. In feeding stimulant experiments using fat soluble matters, the S group preferred the fat soluble matter of U. pertusa the most, while the M group and the L group preferred those of U. pertusa and U. pinnatifida, and those of L. japonica, respectively. However the fat soluble matter of S. sagamianum was not attractive to the abalone. The results of feeding stimulant experiments were same as those of single-choice or multi-choice experiments, which showed that compound lipids in fat soluble matter might act as feeding-stimulant.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Seaweeds have been reported to have various health beneficial effects. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of four types of domestic brown seaweeds in a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). MATERIALS/METHODS: Male C57BL/6N mice were fed low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD containing Undaria Pinnatifida, HFD containing Laminaria Japonica (LJ), HFD containing Sargassum Fulvellum, or HFD containing Hizikia Fusiforme (HF) for 16 weeks. RESULTS: Brown seaweed supplementation did not affect long-term HFD-associated changes in body weight or adiposity, although mice fed HFD + LJ or HFD + HF gained slightly less body weight compared with those fed HFD at the beginning of feeding. Despite being obese, mice fed HFD + LJ appeared to show improved insulin sensitivity compared to mice fed HFD. Consistently, we observed significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations in mice fed HFD + LJ compared with those of mice fed HFD. Although no significant differences in adipocyte size were detected among the HFD-fed groups, consumption of seaweeds decreased formation of HFD-induced crown-like structures in gonadal adipose tissue as well as plasma inflammatory cytokines. BMDM from mice fed HFDs with seaweeds showed differential regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 compared with BMDM from mice fed HFD by LPS stimulation. CONCLUSION: Although seaweed consumption did not prevent long-term HFD-induced obesity in C57BL/6N mice, it reduced insulin resistance (IR) and circulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, seaweeds may ameliorate systemic inflammation and IR in obesity partially due to inhibition of inflammatory signaling in adipose tissue cells as well as bone marrow-derived immune cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.544-549
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• 2014

In this study, the permeation efficiency (PE) of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) extract (STE) into egg using the temperature change method (TCM) and pressure was investigated. STE was prepared in a volume of water equal to 10 times the weight of the sea tangle at $100^{\circ}C$ over a 3 hr period. The PE of iodine as a representative component of the STE as well as the total polyphenol content at ambient pressure were determined as follows: 1) after soaking in the STE at 30, 40, and $50^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr, and 2) after soaking in the STE at $4^{\circ}C$ immediately after soaking in distilled water at $50^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, and 3 hr (TCM), respectively. The PE of iodine as well as the total polyphenol content improved as the temperature of the STE increased (P<0.05). The permeation of iodine was more rapid, and the total polyphenol content increased with the TCM (121 ${\mu}g/100$ mg and 1.74 mg/mL for 3 hr, respectively) compared to without the TCM (72 ${\mu}g/100$ mg and 1.48 mg/mL for 3 hr, respectively), and the highest PE was observed with the TCM after soaking at $50^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr. At a pressure of 5.0 MPa, the PE was more rapid with the TCM (139 ${\mu}g/100$ mg and 1.74 mg/mL for 90 min, respectively) than without the TCM (105 ${\mu}g/100$ mg and 1.56 mg/mL for 90 min, respectively). Consequentially, these results suggest that the preparation of seasonings and functional eggs using various components and bioactive substances is possible by the TCM.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.580-592
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to further investigate the potential health beneficial effects of long-term seaweed supplementation on lipid metabolism and hepatic functions in DIO mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Four brown seaweeds (Undaria pinnatifida [UP], Laminaria japonica [LJ], Sargassum fulvellum [SF], or Hizikia fusiforme [HF]) were added to a high fat diet (HFD) at a 5% ratio and supplemented to C57BL/6N mice for 16 weeks. Triglycerides (TGs) and total cholesterol (TC) in the liver, feces, and plasma were measured. Fecal bile acid (BA) levels in feces were monitored. Hepatic insulin signaling- and lipogenesis-related proteins were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in the LJ, SF, and HF groups compared to the HFD group by the end of 16-week feeding period. Plasma TG levels and hepatic lipid accumulation were significantly reduced in all 4 seaweed supplemented groups, whereas plasma TC levels were only suppressed in the UP and HF groups compared to the HFD group. Fecal BA levels were significantly elevated by UP, LJ, and SF supplementation compared to HFD feeding only. Lastly, regarding hepatic insulin signaling-related proteins, phosphorylation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase was significantly up-regulated by all 4 types of seaweed, whereas phosphorylation of protein kinase B was up-regulated only in the SF and HF groups. Lipogenesis-related proteins in the liver were effectively down-regulated by HF supplementation in DIO mice. CONCLUSIONS: Brown seaweed consumption showed hypotriglyceridemic effects in the prolonged DIO mouse model. Specifically, combinatory regulation of BA excretion and lipogenesis-related proteins in the liver by seaweed supplementation contributed to the reduction of plasma and hepatic TG levels, which inhibited hyperglycemia in DIO mice. Thus, the discrepant and species-specific functions of brown seaweeds provide novel insights for the selection of future targets for therapeutic agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.606-612
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• 2006

Obtaining powder form of seaweed is essential for the use of seaweed as a food additive. The deterioration of seaweed caused by high temperatures during homogenization and powder processing is a serious problem and limits the use of seaweed as a food or pharmaceutical ingredient. Furthermore, many powder particles are not fluidized very well because of the interaction between particles. In order to solve this problem, sea tangle was hydrolyzed to a level of single cell detritus (SCD) by Vibrio sp., isolated from Batillus cornutus. with strong hydrolytic activity. The crude protein and amino acid contents of sea tangle SCD were higher than those of the powder, whereas the reverse was true for ash content. Sea tangle powder contained more mineral than its SCD, whereas total amino acid content was 5 times more in SCD than in power. The anticancer activities of sea tangle SCD and powder were 31.20 and 29.07%, respectively, with no significant difference (p<0.05), but about 15% higher than that of the control. The ACE inhibitory activity of the sea tangle powder, 39.31%, was higher than the 26.07% of the SCD. The antithrombin activity of the sea tangle powder, 55.3 seconds, was higher than the 34.5 seconds of the SCD. Moreover, there was no antioxidative and ischemic activities in both tile sea tangle powder and SCD.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2010

This study was aimed to investigate the contents of flavonoids and the biological activity of fermented beverage of medical plants, DeulBit (DB). 50 g of Cassia semen (Cassia tora L.), 50 g of Omija (Schisandra chinensis Baillon.), 50 g of Gugija (Lycium chinense Mill), 50g of Menthae herba, 75 g of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne, 25 g of Dioscorea batatas, 5 g of Lindera obtusiloba Blume, 150 g of Polygonatum odoratum, 25 g of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 25 g of Acanthopanacis cortex, 100 g of green tea (Camellia sinensis), and 100 g of Laminaria japonica was fermented with sucrose ($50.0{\sim}60.0^{\circ}Brix$.) and 0.5% of deep sea water in 10 L of distilled water for six months at room temperature. Total flavonoids contents of DB was calculated to $3.4{\pm}0.5\;{\mu}g/g$ and antioxidative activity of DB was measured by using DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity. DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity of DB was 96% and 29% at 100% of DB, respectively. In addition, DB indicated about 88% and 66% of the xanthine oxidase and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities at 1% and 10% of DB, respectively and showed fibrinolytic activity. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was increased to 15 times by addition of DB. In addition, NO productions of the macrophages RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were reduced to 40.4% by addition of DB. These results suggested that DB is significant role for antioxidative and fibrinolytic activity, and have the strong xanthine oxidase and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 1995

Nine species of edible seaweed [green laver (Monostroma nitidium) and sea staghorn ( Codium fragile) of green algae; sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida), seaweed fusiforme(Hizikia fusiforme), gulf weed (Sargassum fulvellium), and sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) of brown algae; seaweed dilatata (Halimeniopsis dilatata), seaweed furcata (Gloiopeltis furcata), and laver (Porphyra tenera) of red algae] collected from Kijang, Chungmu, and Yosu in Korea, were examined and compared on their chemical and mineral composition depending on their harvesting season. Crude protein $(N\pm6.25)$ showed about $45\%$ on moisture free basis (the contents of every components described below are shown as moisture free basis) for laver and $30\%$ for green laver collected from ever seasons and sites. Sea tangle showed the highest content in crude lipid $(10\%)$ among brown seaweeds and green laver had $6\%$ of crude lipid regardless their habitats. Ash and carbohydrate in sea staghorn hold about $90\%$ of total solids but those levels were only $50\%$ in laver. The relationship between ash and carbohydrate content showed a tendency with reverse correlation. Mineral compositions were examined on green laver, sea mustard, and seaweed furcata collected from Kijang. Sodium was eminent element (1,798-7,334mg/l00g) followed by potassium. Magnesium and calcium content were low level compared with sodium and potassium. As a micro-element iron was appraised the highest status (165-330mg/100g) in green laver, however, iron in sea mustard and seaweed furcata was comparatively low amount (2.7-47.4mg/100g). The level of zinc was also comparatively high and that was varied on habitats. In conclusion, chemical compositions of these algae were distinctively varied on species and habitats, and mineral compositions were notably changed by the harvesting season.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2001

This study was performed to know the effect of depolymerized alginate obtained by hydrolysis of alginate through a heating process at $121^{\circ}C$ on intestinal environment, Rats were fed with diets containing $1\%$, $5\%$, and $10\%$ of each depolymerized alginate (HAG-10, HAG-50, HAG-100 and alginate) for 35 days, The changes of weight, moisture content, pH and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) of fecal, and a short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were checked in the rats. The fecal weight and moisture content were the highest in rats fed with alginate diets (p<0.01), followed by HAG-100, HAG-50 and HAG-10 in order. The $5\%$ of HAG-50 diets induced a significant increase in contents of protein and lipid of feces, resulting in the decrease of apparent digestibility of protein and lipid (p<0.01). The pH and VBN content in feces of the rats decreased in $5\%$ and $10\%$ of HAG-50 diets, but $10\%$ of HAG-100 diets; $5\%$ and $10\%$ of alginate diets brought about an increase of fecal pH and VBN (p<0.01), The amount of n-butyric acid in feces was increased while propionic and acetic acid contents decreased significantly (p<0.01) in diets containing $5\%$ and $10\%$ HAG-50. However, the feces of rat fed diet containing $5\%$ and $10\%$ alginate showed a tendency to being opposite in results than that of HAG-50.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.522-528
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the possibility of using hydrolysates of lignocellulosics (rapeseed straw, barley straw, rice straw) and marine macro-algae (Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Enteromorpha intestinalis, and Gracilaria verrucosa) to cultivate Chlorella saccharophila. The growth of C. saccharophila was inhibited by 7 hydrolysates without active carbon treatment. In contrast, hydrolysates treated with active carbon increased the cell growth and product (oil and chlorophyll) formation by C. saccharophila. The oil contents of C. saccharophila treated with each hydrolysate were $41.26{\pm}0.69%$ (glucose), $22.06{\pm}1.21%$ (rapeseed straw), $28.65{\pm}1.08%$ (barley straw), $31.15{\pm}0.76%$ (rice straw), $31.50{\pm}2.12%$ (U. pinnatifida), $31.49{\pm}4.53%$ (L. japonica), $29.63{\pm}3.93%$ (E. intestinalis), and $26.15{\pm}1.99%$ (G. verrucosa), respectively. Lignocellulosics and marine macro-algae may be useful resources for improving the mass cultivation of C. saccharophila.