• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.12
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• pp.46.1-46.19
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• 2015

Background: This study examined whether activation of innate immunity and alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism precede development of subclinical mastitis (SCM). Methods: Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein from 100 Holstein dairy cows at -8, -4, disease diagnosis week, and +4 weeks postpartum. Six healthy cows (controls - CON) and six cows that showed clinical signs of SCM were selected for serum analyses. All serum samples were analyzed for acute phase proteins (APP) haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA); proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and serum lactate, BHBA, and NEFA concentration. Data of DMI, milk production, and milk composition were recorded and analyzed. Results: The results showed that cows with SCM had greater concentrations of SAA, TNF (P < 0.01), and lactate before expected day of parturition (P < 0.05) compared to CON cows. Cows with SCM showed greater concentrations of lactate starting at -8 weeks (P < 0.05) and TNF starting at -4 weeks prior to the expected day of parturition (P < 0.01). Interestingly, at -4 weeks, concentrations of IL-1 and Hp were lower in cows with SCM compared to healthy cows (P < 0.01) followed by an increase during the week of disease diagnosis (P < 0.05). Subclinical mastitis was associated with lower DMI, at -4 weeks before calving, milk production (P < 0.05) and increased somatic cell counts (SCC) (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that SCM is preceded by activated innate immunity and altered carbohydrate metabolism in transition dairy cows. Moreover the results support the idea that Hp, lactate, and SAA, at -8 weeks, and TNF and IL-1 at -4 weeks can be used as early indicators to screen cows during dry off for disease state.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.6
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• pp.571-578
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• 1999

This study evaluated the effects of PKC activation using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and PKC inhibition using the isoquinoline sulfomide derivative H-7 on hemodynamics and glucoregulation in the isolated perfused rat liver. Livers were isolated from fed male Holtzman rats and perfused with Krebs Ringer bicarbonate solution under a constant flow of 50 ml/min at $35^{\circ}C.$ Portal vein pressure, glucose and lactate concentrations in the medium and oxygen consumption rates were continuously monitored by a Grass polygraph, YSI glucose and lactate monitors, and a YSI oxygen monitor, respectively. PMA at concentration of 2 to 200 nM increased the portal vein pressure, glucose and lactate production, but decreased oxygen consumption rate in a dose-dependent fashion. H-7 $(200\;{\mu}M)$ attenuated PMA (50 nM)-induced vasoconstriction $(15.1{\pm}1.36\;vs\;10.56{\pm}1.17\;mmHg),$ glucose production rate $(91.3{\pm}6.15\;vs\;71.8{\pm}2.50\;{\mu}moles/g/hr),$ lactate production rate $(72.4{\pm}6.82\;vs\;53.6{\pm}4.82\;{\mu}moles/g/hr)$ and oxygen consumption rate $(33.7{\pm}1.41\;vs\;27.9{\pm}1.75\;{\mu}l/g/min).$ The effects of PMA were blocked either by addition of verapamil $(9\;{\mu}M)$ or perfusion with $Ca^{2+}-free$ KRB. These results suggest that the hemodynamic and glucoregulatory changes in the perfused rat liver are mediated by protein kinase C activation and require $Ca^{2+}$ influx from the extracellular fluid.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2006

We investigated the effects of fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin on the profiles of cecal and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and fecal bile acids in rats. Thirty-six Sprague Dawley male rats weighing about 190 g were randomly divided among four treatments; control diet, control diet +6%(w/w) fructooligosaccharide (POS), control diet +6% chicory inulin oligosaccharide(CIOS), and control diet +6% chicory inulin(CI). The rats were pair-fed and experimental diets were maintained for 5 weeks. Cecal and fecal pH was significantly decreased in rats that were fed fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin. Cecal propionate was significantly elevated in rats fed CIOS diets, and butyrate was lower in rats fed FOS and CI than control values. Cecal lactate was significantly higher in the FOS group than in the control group. The fecal excretions of acetate and total SCFA were 200-300% higher in rats that were fed fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin than in the control group. Lactate excretion was highest in rats that were fed FOS, followed by those fed CIOS and CI. The cholic acid and total bile acid concentrations in feces were significantly lower in the rats that were fed fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin. The deoxycholic acid concentrations in wet feces were significantly lower in the groups of rats that ate CIOS (0.186 mM), FOS (0.274 mM), and CI (0.362 mM) than in the control group (0.595 mM). Among the fructans, short-chain fructooligosaccharide was more effective at decreasing colonic pH and lactate production, but medium-chain chicory inulin oligosaccharide was more effective at increasing fecal butyrate and lowering the fecal secondary bile acid concentration.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 1989

Ouabain, strychnine sulfate, caffeine sodium benzoate and chlorpromazine hydrochloride were introduced intraperitoneally into male mice for 7, 14 and 21 days to induce the changes in the relative percentages of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes. The five isozymes in brain, heart and kidney tissues were electrophoresed on cellulose acetate strip and subjected to densitometry. Ouabain caused a drastic increase of B$_4$isozymes only in brain tissues. The two stimulants altered the relative percentages of $A_4$and B$_4$isozymes conspicuously in brain tissues, whereas virtually no redistributions of five isozymes were occurred by the depressant except B$_4$isozymes in brain and heart tissues. On the basis of these observations, it might be suggested that the changes in intracellular concentration of sodium and calcium ions are not the cause of the isozyme redistributions and that Organization of plasma membrane could be one of the factors involved in the tissue specificity of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in vertebrates.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.30 no.4 s.111
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• pp.249-253
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• 2005

This study was carried out to develop enzyme biosensor for lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acids produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was measured and good correlation $R^2=0.98$ between LAB count and lactic acids concentration was found. Hydrogen ion produced by L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH) was measured by a potentiometer. Glutamic-pyruvic transminase (GPT) was used for eliminating inhibitor in the reaction. Polyacrylamide gel was used for immobilizing matrix of the sensor. The biosensor was tested and showed good feasibility with $R^2=0.99$ on validation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.890-894
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• 1999

Microencapsulation of anchovy oil as a core material in sodium alginate as a wall material was inves tigated. Microencapsulation was accomplished by injecting an oil/water emulsion, consisting of a mixture of liquefied sodium alginate and emulsifier, under high pressure through an orifice submerged in a calcium lactate solution. Microcapsules suspended in a dispersion fluid were observed under a fluorescence mi croscope to verify the presence of the capsules and to note coalescence or degradation of the capsules. Optimum conditions for microencapsulation of anchovy oil were obtained when 1.0% aqueous solution of sodium alginate contained 3% of a 1:1 ratio of ESPR 25(polyglycerine＋polylinoleate) and TW 20(sorbitan laurate＋ethylene oxide) as an emulsifier in terms of capsule size and size distribution, and emulsion stability. The airless sprayer produced microcapsules with a diameter between 15.9 and 73.9 m with different concentration of a wall material. The optimum mixing ratio of wall material to core material was 90:10(wt/wt). 0.2% calcium lactate was appropriate as a dispersion fluid.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.943-950
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to probe the influences of NaF oral administration on a dose-effect relationship between fluoride levels of serum enzyme activity such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in rats fed experimental diets for 5 weeks. All groups increased the activity of serum ALP, AST, ALT, and LDH levels with increasing NaF. In addition the fluoride levels of serum and organ tissues (liver, brain, heart, lung, kidney) in oral NaF groups (NF3~NF50) were significantly increased by adding sodium fluoride in comparison with normal diet group (ND) (p<0.05). These results, a high concentration of sodium fluoride was determined that the toxicity to various organ tissues.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1897-1902
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of homo or hetero fermentative inoculants on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet potato vine (SPV) silage containing Italian ryegrass hay as moisture absorbent. Methods: The SPV was harvested at 15% dry matter, mixed with Italian ryegrass hay at 1:1 ratio on a fresh weight basis, and chopped to 3 to 5 cm length. After then, the chopped forage mixture was ensiled into 20-L mini silos in quadruplicate for 7, 48, and 100 days after application of microbial inoculants at $1.2{\times}10^5$ colony forming units (cfu)/g of forage following: no inoculant (CON), Lactobacillus plantarum as a homo fermentative (LP), Lactobacillus buchneri as a hetero fermentative (LB), and mixture of LP and LB at 1:1 ratio as a combo fermentative (MIX). Results: The LP and MIX silages had lowest pH (p<0.001) on 7 and 48 days, while MIX and CON silages had greatest lactate concentrations (p<0.05) on 7 and 48 days, respectively. Acetate concentrations were highest (p<0.01) in LB and MIX silages on 7 days, and in LB silage on 48 days, while lactate to acetate ratios were lowest (p<0.001) in LB silages. The chemical compositions and nutrient digestibility of silage ensiled for 100 days was not affected by inoculants. On 100 days of ensiling, LB silage had lowest (p<0.01) lactate concentration and lactate to acetate ratio, but highest acetate concentration. Aerobic stability was highest (p<0.001) in LB silage followed in MIX silage. On contrast, LB silage had lowest (p<0.05) lactic acid bacteria and mold. Conclusion: The results indicated that application of LB solely had a better effect on aerobic stability than not only LP, but also MIX. However, LP application did not show beneficial effects from the viewpoints of fermentation quality and aerobic stability compared to CON.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.511-517
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• 2014

This study examined the effects of bacterial inoculants on chemical composition and fermentation indices of barley silage. Barley forage (Youngyang) was harvested at 24% dry matter (DM) and wilted to 47.9% DM. The wilted barley forage was chopped to 3-5 cm length and applied with no inoculant (CON), L. plantarum ($1{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$, LP) or Effective Microorganisms ($0.5{\times}10^9cfu/g$, EM). Then the forages were ensiled in four replications for each treatment in 20 L mini silos and stored for 100 days. The contents of crude protein and ether extract were higher in CON silage ensiled for 100-d, while the contents of DM and crude ash were higher in EM silage (p<0.05). The contents of ADF, NDF and hemicellulose as well as the in vitro DM digestibility were not affected by microbial inoculation (p>0.05). The pH, ammonia-N concentration and lactate to acetate ratio were higher (p<0.05) in CON silage, while lactate concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in CON and LP silage. Acetate concentration and lactic acid bacteria was increased (p<0.05) by both inoculants (LP and EM), but propionate concentration and yeast was increased (p<0.05) by EM and LP, respectively. These results indicated that the fermentation quality of barley silage was improved by the application of bacterial inoculants.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.28-38
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the muscular strength & stamina improvement and muscle anti-fatigue effects of Morinda officinalis How after long term administration. Methods: 4-6 weeks old ICR mice were used in this study and we administered the water soluble extracts of Morinda officinalis How in the concentration of 1, 10. 100/mg/0.3ml to each 5 mice (ATS group) and same volume of normal saline was administered to 5 mice (control group) once a day for 90 or 120 days. After the administration we performed the swimming exercise test and the grip strength test. And we measured the concentration of glucose and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in plasma regarded as biochemical indicator related with the muscular fatigue. Results: In swimming exercise test, all ATS groups showed increased time compared with relative control group after 90 days administration. After 120 days adminstration 100/mg/0.3ml ATS groups showed increased results. In grip strength test, all ATS groups showed increased grip strength compared with relative control group after 90 days administration. After 120 days adminstration 10/mg/0.3ml ATS groups showed increased result. All the results of plasma glucose didn't showed statistically significant difference after 90 and 120 days administration. In the plasma concentration of activity level of lactate dehydrogenase, all ATS groups didn't showed statistically significant difference compared after 90 days administration. Conclusion: This study show that Morinda officinalis How can increase the muscular strength & stamina and anti-fatigue effect.