• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.35-55
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• 1989

Today, about 99% of total import and export cargo in Korea is being transported through the port. The general trends of cargo handling show increases in capacity and speed, In order to cope with these trends, it is not only required to raise the efficiencies of port operation and function but also necessary to decide the optimal amount of the skilled labor force for cargo handling in the port. Cargo handling in the port is basically relied on the cargo handling facilities. Therefore, it is very important to reserve the amount of labor force for cargo handling system has been developed up to a certain level but the personnel management system which is the superior structure has not been followed well. In this study, therefore, we show a method to determine the required amount of labor force for cargo handling considering the amount of cargo and type of cargo handling work per each cargo, and the optimal amount labor force in cope with the fluctuation of the basic cargo handling labor force with respect to the time of in and out cargo flow in the viewpoint of minimizing the expences due to reservation of extra labor force than needed and firing employment of labor force using the Dynamic Programming. The derived algorithm is introduced into the computer simulation for Pusan port with the analyzed real data such as amount of cargo handling in the port with respect to working hour, cargo capacity, working step, the ratio of cargo handling facility and actual number of workers and we estimated the required labor force. As a result of analysis the labor force of Pusan port showed the over-employment such as maximum 21.4%, minimum 8.2% when we assumed that the averages of actual working hours and days were 8 hours in a day and 20 day in a month.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle pains of emotional laborers and determine whether there were differences in their muscle pains depending on the hours spent on emotional labor. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the data collected from the 3rd (2011) Korean Working Conditions Survey. 50,032 participants responded to the study's questionnaire. Among them, 15,669 participants were emotional laborers who directly dealt with people such as customers, passengers, pupils, patients, etc. Results: Thirty three percent of subjects had reported muscle pains. Muscle pains of subjects were positively related to the hours spent on emotional labor (p<.001). According to the logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odd ratio of the subjects who spent about almost all of the work hours on emotional labor was 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15~1.52), compared to the subjects who spent about a quarter of their work hours on emotional labor, when other factors were controlled. Conclusion: The study's findings indicate that engaging in emotional labor for longer hours increases the risks of muscle pains. Occupational nurses must pay closer attention to the management of muscle pains of emotional laborers.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 2008

This study analyzes the causes of increase in temporary workers observed in the recent Korean labor market. In the analysis of sectors with relatively high ratio of temporary workers, the manufacturing sector tends to hire temporary workers in order to raise profitability, while wholesale & retails and construction sectors tend to employ temporary workers due to the fluctuation of product demand. Another possibility is that with the expansion of college graduates, it is likely that temporary jobs are used as a screening device to reduce the uncertainty of workers quality.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-42
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• 2006

Considering in view of China's low price and Japan's high technology, the most important point is the quality of product. To increase the comparative power internationally all workingmen have to fulfill the responsibility to maximize the quality, and this is possible practiced under 'Zero Defect' spirit. To reduce the defect ratio to 'Zero' the workingmen have to recognize own fault, all the manufacturing process should be conducted under 'Fool Proof System', If done under this circumstances, then labor force can work comfortably and safely without nervousness and tiresome. The productivity and quality can increase ultimately and even foreign labor, imbecile child, old-aged labor can participate in work, which can reduce shortage of labor source. Therefore, in this study all defects in manufacturing process, it would be recognized the errors and mistakes caused by human.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.25-57
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• 2014

Analysing the effects of expanded trade liberalization on the domestic labor market such as the flexibility of employment adjustment and the wage elasticity of employment etc. with industry base data, we get some important results as follows. The speed of employment adjustment in whole industries is turned out to be more rapid on the employee basis than on the whole worker basis. And the speed of employment adjustment is more rapid in the industries with high level of import ratio than those with high level of export ratio. In sum, viewing on the employee basis, the expanded trade liberalization makes the speed of employment adjustment slower slightly in individual industry level, and it is led mainly by the effects of export ratio rising. In case of the wage elasticity of employment, it becomes to be much higher as rates of openness or export ratios go higher, so the environment of jobless growth seems to be much more strengthened in this country.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.201-223
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• 2008

This paper studies the supply and demand of Industrial Technology Labor-force(ITL) and analyzes the determinate of ITL shortage in Korean manufacturing. We classified the industry into four categories-high technology industries, medium-high technology industries, medium-low technology industries and low technology industries-based on its R&D intensity like OECD. For the empirical analyses we use a survey data collected from 5,703 enterprises. The key findings are as follows: Firstly, a large majority of ITL is engaged in more technology-intensive industries but the categories that are exposed to more serious labor-force shortage problem are medium-high technology industries and low technology industries. Secondly, in the terms of supply factor, the ITL shortage problems are mainly due to the avoidance of ITL jobs. And the demand point, the reason is that the most of ITL are not researchers but production managers. Thirdly, the cause of imbalance between supply and demand of ITL are different by the technological categories. For example, in the high technology industries, the supply factors, such as average wage and turnover rate played more important role in the imbalance. But in the low technology industries the demand factors, such as per capita sales and the ratio of ITL in all employees were relatively much more important. Based on the findings, we discovered some political meanings such as the necessity to plan various policies to resolve the shortage problem of ITL according to the technological categories, etc.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.63-76
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• 2001

A survey was conducted for dairy farmer to manage efficiently of a milking machine and equipment. Labor hours, operation costs, and milking cares for each dairy farmer to estimate the expected numbers of machine and equipment on the basis of the desired dairy farm scale. Based on the results of this research the following conclusions were made: Those who possessed a herringborn system and a tandem parlour system were relatively small portion 2% and 25% respectively of the whole dairy farmer. To improve dairy farmer\`s life, or to reduce his hard labor hours. it was necessary for most of dairy farmers to possess a herringborn system and a tandem parlour system. However, it was difficult for most of farmers to purchase a herringborn system and a tadem parlour system, because these system were very expensive. Only 20% farmers of the whole farmers repaired their milking system, which needed to be repaired quickly enough so that it might was used everyday. Among the parts of milking system, pulsator was found to have the highest breakdown ratio 59%, and vacuum pump was the breakdown ratio 27%. It took more than 2 hours to be milked twice a cow per one day. It means that milking spend so much time. Therefore, the auto milking system should be supplied to decrease hard labor hour.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.649-673
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• 2020

This paper makes a theoretical contribution by providing clear and detailed derivation of economic agents' decision problems including elastic labor supply in Gertler's overlapping generation (OLG) model. We apply the model to the Korean economy by calibration based on Korean economic data. It also analyzes the impact of current social issues such as aging and extension of retirement age, on the Korean economy in a long-run equilibrium. Subsequently, we also discuss the implications of the analysis. Aging has prolonged the period of retirement; therefore, population structure changes by the increase in the proportion of retirees, the total consumption-to-GDP ratio decreases, and capital stock increases due to reduced propensity to consume out of wealth in preparation for an individual's retirement life. The implementation of retirement age extension increases the proportion of retirees relatively less and alleviates fluctuations in labor supply and the share of financial assets for both economic agents. However, the decrements in consumption-to-GDP ratio is larger than before, and this leads to a larger rise in the capital stock compared to when there is only an aging effect.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.3
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• pp.165-179
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• 1997

Cost-volume-profit analysis shows the relationship between these factors. The figures expressed in a break-even chart can be used planning control and decision making. The relation ships can also be helpful in understanding how all costs must be covered in menu pricing. Involved in these relationship is the contribution to overhead and profit, or contribution ratio. This study used the food service operation of H hotel. Assumed the FC would be 10% of the High Volume, the VC would be 76% of the high volume. And in the CVP of individual meals, selected labor cost of the VC, assumed labor cost would be 35% of the volume.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.259-264
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• 2000

This paper proposes a practical method for determining the most economical steel ratio in RC flexural members. The costs of individual material and labor are considered. Then, an equation for determining the optimal steel ratio is proposes. It was found that a relevant steel ratio is recommended to be 0.95~1.0% for designing singly reinforced rectangular beam.