• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.391-397
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• 2013

This study investigated the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of 280 University students towards nutrition labels. The purpose of the study was to examine knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of university students regarding nutrition labeling, and whether body mass index (BMI) with nutrition labeling was associated with knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Descriptive statistics analyzed knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of university students regarding food labeling. The ANOVA and ${\chi}^2$ analysis was evaluated and assessed for its relationship with BMI. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis examined relationships between knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. More than 90 percent of answers relating to 11 nutritional knowledge questions were correct. Only 30% of participants answered correctly regarding questions about plan source oil and cholesterol content. Attitudes and behaviors of nutrition labels were significantly higher among participants who were obese (p<0.001). Knowledge score was positively correlated with general label usage behavior (r=.169, p<0.01), and item buying behavior (r=0.142, p<0.05). Attitude also was positively correlated with behavior (p<0.01). Nutrition labeling education efforts are needed to provide university students with a nutritional education program and information on how to read nutritional labels and apply this information to their lives. University students need to understand their need for numerous nutrients instead of merely focusing on the fat and calories of foods.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.149-161
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrition labeling use according to the gender and obesity degree of adolescents to help choose the healthy foods and improve dietary habits. This study surveyed the perception and use of nutrition labeling among 392 male and female high school students in Chungnam. It was found that 34.7% of the subjects read the nutrition labels, mostly for health reason. Calorie content was read the most among all components of nutrition labels regardless of gender or body mass index (BMI) status, especially among female students. Perception of nutrition labeling was 3.3 out of 5 points for all students, and there was no significant difference in scores between male and female students. However, there was a significant difference between the overweight group (3.4 points), normal group (3.3 points), and underweight group (3.1 points) (P<0.05). The frequency of reading nutrition labels by food group was highest for ramen, and lowest for fruits. Female students had significantly higher scores on the use of nutrition labeling for 8 food groups out of 12 groups compared to male students (P<0.05). In addition, the overweight and above group had significantly higher scores on the use of nutrition labeling for snack food and fruits compared to other groups (P<0.05). The proportion of students who received nutrition labeling education was 29.8%, and about half of students answered that such education and advertisement were necessary. These results suggest that nutritional education is needed to promote the use of nutrition labeling in adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between knowledge of nutrition labeling and the effect on eating habits with 300 high school boys in Seoul. The subjects were divided into an underweight (UW) group (BMI < $18.5kg/m^2$, n = 42), a normal weight (NW) group ($18.5kg/m^2\;{\leq}\;BMI\;<\;23kg/m^2$, n = 129) and an overweight (OW) group (BMI ${\geq}\;23kg/m^2$, n = 79) based on their body mass index (BMI). The average age of participants was 17.8 years old and their mean height and weight were 174.9 cm and 66.5 kg. The mean BMI of subjects was $21.7kg/m^2$ which fell within the normal range. Seventy six point four percent of subjects perceived nutrition labeling and they acquired the information pertaining to it through TV and internet. The UW group and the OW group obtained it from their parents, relatives and friends, while NW group acquired it from school. There were significant differences among groups in the acquired source of the information on nutrition labeling (p < 0.05). The NW group and the OW group trusted nutrition labeling more than the UW group, but there were no significant differences among them. Forty five point five percent of the UW group and 40.7% the NW group were satisfied with nutrition labeling education, while only 15.8% of the OW group did it. The OW group checked nutrition labeling more than the UW group and the NW group at the point of food purchase. The primary reason for examining nutrition labeling was 'to check nutrient contents' in the UW group and the NW group, while the OW group examined it to improve health including regulation of body weight. There were significant differences among groups with regards to the reason for examining nutrition labeling (p < 0.001). The OW group was aware that nutrition labeling affected their eating ha-bits significantly more than the other groups (p < 0.05). Therefore, application-centered education on nutrition labeling and the strong support of the government is needed in order to improve nutrition labeling use and to apply the information from nutrition labeling into student dietary life.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.429-432
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• 2001

지문영상의 특이점(Singularities) 중의 하나인 Core Point는 대부분의 지문인증 시스템에서 기준점(Reference Point)으로 사용되고 있다. 또한 Core Point의 검출은 전체 지문인증 시스템의 가장 기본적인 단계로서 전체 시스템의 성능에 많은 영향을 준다. 본 논문에서는 지문 영상의 방향 패턴(Orientation Pattern)과 이의 리레이블링(Re-labeling)을 이용한 Core Point 검출 방법을 제안하고, 기존의 Poincare Index를 이용하는 방법 및 Sine Map을 이응한 방법과 비교, 분석하였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.328-333
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the differences in food choice, nutrition labeling perceptions, and prevalence of obesity due to meal skipping in Korean elementary school children. A national survey was performed in 2010 to collect data on food intake frequency, understanding of nutrition labeling, and body mass index from 2,335 fifth grade students in 118 elementary schools selected from 16 metropolitan local governments by stratified cluster sampling. The data were analyzed using the SAS 9.1 and SUDAAN 10.0 packages. Students who consumed three meals for 6-7 days during the past week were classified into the regular meal eating (RM) group (n = 1,476) and those who did not were placed into the meal skipping (MS) group (n = 859). The daily intake frequency of fruits, vegetables, kimchi, and milk was significantly lower in the MS group compared to that in the RM group (P < 0.001), whereas the daily intake frequency of soft drinks and instant noodles (ramyeon) was significantly higher in the MS group than that in the RM group (P < 0.05). The MS group demonstrated a significantly lower degree of understanding with regard to nutrition labeling and high calorie foods containing low nutritional value than that in the RM group. The distribution of obesity based on the percentile criteria using the Korean growth chart was different between the MS and RM groups. The MS group (8.97%) had a higher percentage of obese subjects than that in the RM group (5.38%). In conclusion, meal skipping was related to poor food choice, low perception of nutrition labeling, and a high prevalence of obesity in Korean fifth grade children.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.12 s.257
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• pp.835-843
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• 2005

Background: Cancer of the esophagus is one of the most malignant tumors with poor prognosis. The p53 gene alteration, over expression of Cyclin D1, and Ki67 index were thought to be the prognostic factors. However, their clinical significances in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are controversial and p53 accumulation may not correlate with genetic mutation. The current study investigates their prognostic significance in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Material and Method: The Subjects studied were 124 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients who underwent esophagectomy. The mutation of p53, over expression of Cyclin D1, Ki67 labelling index, mitotic index were examined by using an immunohistochemical staining. We compared the results and investigated the correlation with the mutation of p53, overexpression of Cyclin D1, Ki67 labelling index, mitotic index and tumor size, and duration of survival. Result: There was no correlation between the results in immunohistochemical staining according to age, sex, tumor size, Iymph node status, and clinical stage of the disease. Mutant p53 protein was found in 69 cases (55.6$\%$). Median survival time was 21 months in cases with negative for mutant p53 protein and 22 months in positive cases. There was no significant difference in survival (p=0.46). Median survival time was 22 months in cases with negative for Cyclin D1 and 16 months in positive cases (p=0.18). Median and mean survival time was 22 months and 36 months when Ki67 labeling index was 40 or less (102 cases). Median and mean survival was 16 months and 23 months, when Ki67 labeling index was more than 40 (22 cases). There was significant difference in survival rate (p=0.011). Conciusion: Positivity of p53 and cyclin D1 was not useful in predicting the prognosis in our study. There was no significant correlation among mutant p53 protein accumulation, Cyclin D1 over expression, and Ki67 labeling index. However, in several studies, PCR single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of p53 showed a correlation to the prognosis. We thought that there was a significant discordance between p53 gene mutation and mutant p53 protein accumulation. When Ki67 labeling index was more than 40, prognosis was poorer, Ki67 seems to be a prognostic factor in our study. Therefore, we confirmed the possibility of using molecular markers as prognostic factors.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.243-251
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• 2008

This study is to suggest the extraction algorithms of fingerprint corepoint and region separation using the labeling for gate security in order that it might be applied to the fingerprint recognition effectively. The gate security technology is entrance control, attendance management, computer security, electronic commerce authentication, information protection and so on. This study is to extract the directional image by dividing the original image in $128{\times}128$ size into the size of $4{\times}4$ pixel. This study is to separate the region of directional smoothing image extracted by each directional by using the labeling, and extract the block that appeared more than three sorts of change in different directions to the corepoint. This researcher is to increase the recognition rate and matching rate by extracting the corepoint through the separation of region by direction using the maximum direction and labeling, not search the zone of feasibility of corepoint or candidate region of corepoint used in the existing method. According to the result of experimenting with 300 fingerprints, the poincare index method is 94.05%, the proposed method is 97.11%.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.489-496
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• 1992

The division, distribution and migration of the macroglial cells in the juvenile mouse brain were investigated with the radioautography. Forty mice (ICR) were randomly subdivided into two groups. The twenty mice from group 1 were weighing initially 5 to 6g, aged 10 to 12 days and were sacrificied at 2 hrs, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of $^3H$-thymichine ($4{\mu}$ Ci/g of body weight). Twenty mice from group 2 were weighing intially 2.5 to 5g, aged 3 to 8 days and were sacrificed at 2 hrs, 2, 3, 5. 7, 10, 15 and 20 days after a single($4{\mu}$ Ci/g of body weight) and/or after intraperitoneal repeated injections($2{\mu}$ Ci/g of body weight/interval) at 2, 3 and 5 days after the first injection. The brain preparations were processed for autoradiogrouphy using Kodak NTB-3 emulsion following development in Kodak D-19, fixation in Kodak fixer, and then stained with cresyl echt violet or hematoxylin counterstain. The labeling index of the ectodermal glial cells in the subependymal layers of the lateral ventricles (SLLV), corpus callosum (CC), molecular layer of the neocortex (MLN ), inner layer except the molecular layer in the neocortex (ILN) and medulla of the cerebrum (MC) were invested. 1. Labeling cells appeared from 2 hour and some of them sustained in the 20 day after injection. In the single injection group, the peak of the labeling index reached a 7.6% at 3 day, 3.6% at 7 day, 3.3% at 2 day, 5.0% at 3 day and 2.3% at 2 day from the SLLV. CC, MLN, ILN and MC, respectively. In the repeated injecton group, the peak of the labeling index reached a 32.0 at 7 day, 11.0% at 10 day, 89% at 7 day, 16.0% at 10 day and 10.8% at 15 day from the SLLV, CC, MLN, ILM and MC, respectively. 2 The glial cells of the SLLV were recognized as to be migrated into the CC and to be not or less to be into the MC and ILN but to be not into the MLN. Glial cell aggregates in the neocotex and MC were recognized as to be proliferated and then disappeared in the itself regions.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.113-133
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• 1998

The system proposed in this paper prosodically transcribes the intonation patterns, prosodic structures, phrasings, and other prosodic aspects of Korean utterances, on four parallel tiers: a tone tier, an orthographic tier, a break index tier, and a miscellaneous tier. The tone tier employs two phrase accents (L* and H *), three accentual phrase boundary tones (L-, H-, LH-), and four intonational phrase boundary tones (L%,H%,LH%,LHL%) in order to provide a phonological transcription of pitch events associated with accented syllables and phrase boundaries. The break index tier uses five break indices, numbered from 0 to 4, which mark a prosodic grouping of words and its prosodic structure in an utterance. Among the five indices, the break index 3 and the break index 4 align with an accentual phrase boundary tone and an intonational phrase boundary tone, respectively, in the tone tier.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.435-439
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• 1994

The present observation was focussed mainly on the histopathological and immunohistochemical finding of the tumor developing from the outside of rat uterus wall. In gross finding, this tumor were a oval form mass and 0.75cm and 1cm in greatest demension. The sectioned surface showed uniform, solid, gray-white. In histopathological finding, the tumor showed the form of lymphoid nodule-like structure and was composed of the cells with karryorrhexis, karyolysis and necrosis in the central zone, mature cells in the paracentral zone, and concentric layers of compressed, flattened and atrophied smooth muscle fibers by the proliferating of the cells closely resembling endometrial stromal ells in the peripheral zone and a few smaller nodule-like structure in certain areas of the peripheral zone. In immunohistochemical observations, the proliferating cells presents only among the concentric layers of the smooth muscle fibers in the peripheral zone. Labeling index of proliferating cells in the peripheral zone was $4.34{\pm}1.28%$. These tumor cells did not metastasized in another orgns and labeling index was low, So it was concluded that this tumor was benign stomal sarcoma.