• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 2019

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to assess the use of Korean medicine for treating radial nerve palsy. Methods : We searched for studies on the use of Korean medicine for the treatment of radial nerve palsy in 7 electronic databases and analyzed these studies. Results : We found 95 studies on radial nerve palsy from 7 electronic databases. We excluded 77 duplicate studies, 1 review article and 2 studies published before 2000. As a result, 15 case studies(36 patients) were included. Acupuncture(15 times), electroacupuncture(6 times), pharmacopuncture(9 times), herbal medicine(11 times), physical therapy(10 times), moxibustion(3 times), cupping therapy(1 time), chuna manual therapy(1 time) and yinyang balancing appliance(1 time) were used. LI11 for acupuncture, LI4, LI11 for electroacupuncture, bee venom as pharmacopuncture material and LI4, LI10, LI11 in pharmacopuncture point, Boik-tang gami as herbal medicine, hot pack for physical therapy, LI4, LI11 for moxibustion were the most frequently used. Conclusions : Korean medicine treatment for radial nerve palsy has been performed in various ways. However, we found limited evidence regarding Korean medicine for radial nerve palsy. Thus, we think various types of studies including more case reports, for radial nerve palsy should be performed in the future.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.538-546
• /
• 2002

Hot deformation behavior of Udiment720Li was characterized by compression tests in the temperature range of 10$25^{\circ}C$ to 115$0^{\circ}C$ and the strain rate range of $0.0005 s^{-1};to;5 s^{-1}$. The combination of dynamic material model (DMM) and Ziegler's instability criterion was applied to predict an optimum condition and unstable regions for hot forming. A dynamic recrystallization model coupled with FEM results was used to interpret the evolution of microstructures. In order to verify the reliability of the present coupled model, isothermal forging was performed in the temperature range 1050~115$0^{\circ}C$ at strain rates of $0.05 s^{-1};and;0.005 s^{-1}$. The present model was successfully applied to the hot forming process of Udimet720Li.

• Current Applied Physics
• /
• v.18 no.12
• /
• pp.1592-1599
• /
• 2018

The present study deals with the effect of dual cathode buffer layer (CBL) on the performance of bilayer of 4,4'-cyclohexylidenebis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine] (TAPC) and fullerene (C70)-based organic solar cell (OSC) with low donor concentration. OSC devices with CBLs have been fabricated using thermal vapor deposition technique. We report the use of lithium fluoride (LiF) and molybdenum trioxide ($MoO_3$) as CBLs. The insertion of LiF between C70 and aluminium (Al) electrode enhances the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of device from 1.89% to 2.47% but quenching of photogenerated excitons is observed at interface of C70 and LiF layers. Incorporation of $MoO_3$ between LiF and Al electrode further enhances PCE of device to 3.51%. This has also improved the material quality and device properties, by preventing the formation of gap states and diminishing exciton quenching.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.54 no.10
• /
• pp.3957-3961
• /
• 2022

Deposition behaviors of Sr and Cs in various liquid cathodes, such as Zn, Bi, Cd, and Pb, were examined to evaluate their recovery from LiCl-KCl eutectic salt. Cations in the salt were deposited on the liquid cathode, exhibiting potential of -1.8 to -2.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Zn cathode had successful deposition of Sr and exhibited the highest recovery efficiency, up to 55%. Meanwhile, the other liquid cathodes showed low current efficiencies, below 18%, indicating LiCl-KCl salt decomposition. Sr was recovered from the Zn cathode as irregular rectangular SrZn₁₃ particles. A negligible amount of Cs was deposited on the entire liquid cathode, indicating that Cs was hardly deposited on liquid cathodes. Based on these results, we propose that liquid Zn cathode can be used for cleaning Sr in LiCl-KCl salt.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.325-332
• /
• 2013

Pyroporcessing of spent nuclear fuel generates a considerable amount of LiCl-KCl eutectic waste salt containing radioactive rare earth (RE) chlorides. In this study, a series of processes, which consist of a phosphorylation/distillation process and a solidification process, were performed to minimize volume of the LiCl-KCl eutectic waste salt and solidify a residual waste into a stable form at a relatively low temperature. Over 99wt% of RE chlorides in LiCl-KCl eutectic salt was converted and separated into $REPO_4$ in the phosphorylation/distillation process using a mixture of $Li_3PO_4-K_3PO_4$. The separated $REPO_4$ was solidified into a homogeneous and fine-grained form at $1,050^{\circ}C$ using LIP(Lead Iron Phosphate) as a solidification agent. The final waste volume was reduced below about 10% through the series of the processes.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.433-438
• /
• 2014

There is an increasing interest in the development of rechargeable batteries suitable for use in both hybrid electric vehicles and energy storage systems that require higher charge & discharge rates, bigger battery sizes and increased safety of the batteries. Spinel-type lithium titanium oxide ($Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$) as a potential anode for lithium ion batteries has many advantages. It is a zero-strain materials and it experiences no structural change during the charge/discharge precess. Thus, it has long cycle life due to its structural integrity. It also offers a stable operation voltage of approximately 1.55 V versus $Li^+/Li$, above the reduction potential of most organic electrolyte. In this study, Ru added $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ composites were synthesized by solid state process. The characteristics of active material were investigated with TGA-DTA, XRD, SEM and charge/discharge test. The capacity was reduced when Ru was added, however, the polarization decreased. The capacity rate of $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ with Ru (3%, 4%) addition was reduced during the charge/discharge precess with 10 C-rate as a high current density.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2014

As an electrolyte additive, the effects of lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB) on the electrochemical properties of a carbon-coated silicon monoxide (C-coated SiO) negative electrode are investigated. The used electrolyte is 1.3M $LiPF_6$ that is dissolved in ethylene carbonate (EC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (5:25:70 v/v/v) with or without 0.5 wt. % LiBOB. In the LiBOB-free electrolyte, the film resistance is not so high in the initial period of cycling that lithiation is facilitated to generate the crystalline $Li_{15}Si_4$ phase. Due to repeated volume change that is caused by such a deep charge/discharge, cracks form in the active material to cause a resistance increase, which eventually leads to capacity fading. When LiBOB is added into the electrolyte, however, more resistive surface film is generated by decomposition of LiBOB in the initial period. The crystalline $Li_{15}Si_4$ phase does not form, such that the volume change and crack formation are greatly mitigated. Consequently, the C-coated SiO electrode exhibits a better cycle performance in the later cycles. At an elevated temperature ($45^{\circ}C$), wherein the effect of film resistance is less critical, the alloy ($Li_{15}Si_4$ phase) formation is comparable for the LiBOB-free and added cell to give a similar cycle performance.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.115-120
• /
• 2000

All solid-state thin film micro-batteries consisting of lithium metal anode, an amorphous LiPON electrolyte and cathode of vanadium oxide have been fabricated and characterized, which were fabricated with cell structure of $Li/LiPON/V_2O_5Pt$. The effect of various oxygen partial pressure on the electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide thin films formed by d.c. reactive sputtering deposition were investigated. The vanadium oxide thin film with deposition condition of $20\%\;O_2/Ar$ ratio showed good cycling behavior. In in-siか process, the LiPON electrolyte was deposited on the $V_2O_5$ films without breaking vacuum by r.f. magnetron sputtering at room temperature. After deposition of the amorphous LiPON, the Li metal films were grown by a thermal evaporator in a dry room. The charge-discharge cycle measurements as a function of current density and voltage variation revealed that the $Li/LiPON/V_2O_5$ thin film had excellent rechargeable properly when current density was $7{\mu}A/cm^2$. and cut-off voltage was between 3.6 and 2.7V In practical experiment, a stopwatch ran on this $Li/LiPON/V_2O_5$ thin film micro-battery. This result means that thin film micro-battery fabricated by in-siか process is a promising for power source for electronic devices.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.127-133
• /
• 2015

Li-bearing muscovite is commonly found along with trioctahedral lepidolite in granitic pegmatites. Structurally, $Li^+$ ions can replace $K^+$ ions in the interlayer (Int) of muscovite or incorporate into vacancies of the dioctahedral sheet (Sub). However, detailed mechanism of the lithium incorporation into muscovite is challenging to investigate using experimental techniques alone. In the current study, density functional theory (DFT) has been applied to examine the crystal structure and energy variation when $Li^+$ resides in the interlayer or the octahedral sheet. Depending on the position of $Li^+$ (i.e., Int vs. Sub), DFT showed significant differences in the mica's structures such as lattice parameters, sheet thickness, interlayer separation, and OH angles with respect to the ab plane. DFT further showed that, in pure muscovite, $Li^+$ has a lower energy when it is located in Int than Sub. By contrast, in the case of $Fe^{2+}$ substitution into the octahedral sheet, $Li^+$ has a lower energy in Sub than in Int. These results imply that $Li^+$ incorporates into the Al octahedral sheets only when the octahedral sheets possess structural charges, suggesting cation substitution in the octahedral sheets plays an important role in the Li incorporation mechanism into muscovite. They can also explain the experimental observation about the positive relationship between $Fe^{2+}$ and $Li^+$ amounts in Li-bearing muscovite.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.398-402
• /
• 2012

Synthesis of $Li_2MnSiO_4$ was attempted by the conventional solid-state reaction method, and the phase formation behavior according to the change of the calcination condition was investigated. When the mixture of the three source materials, $Li_2O$, MnO and $SiO_2$ powders, were used for calcination in air, it was difficult to develop the $Li_2MnSiO_4$ phase because the oxidation number of $Mn^{2+}$ could not be maintained. Therefore, two-step calcination was applied: $Li_2SiO_3$ was made from $Li_2O$ and $SiO_2$ at the first step, and $Li_2MnSiO_4$ was synthesized from $Li_2SiO_3$ and MnO at the second step. It was easy to make $Li_2MnSiO_3$ from $Li_2O$ and $SiO_2$. $Li_2MnSiO_4$ single phase was developed by the calcination at $900^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr in Ar atmosphere as the oxidation of $Mn^{2+}$ was prevented. However, the $Li_2MnSiO_4$ was ${\gamma}-Li_2MnSiO_4$, one of the polymorph of $Li_2MnSiO_4$, which could not be used as the cathode materials in Li-ion batteries. By applying the additional low temperature annealing at $400^{\circ}C$, the single phase ${\beta}-Li_2MnSiO_4$ powder was synthesized successfully through the phase transition from ${\gamma}$ to ${\beta}$ phase.