• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.63-67
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• 2012

We prepared various $LiNi_{0.8}Co_{0.15}Al_{0.05}O_2-LiFePO_4$ mixed-cathode electrodes by changing the content of $LiNi_{0.8}Co_{0.15}Al_{0.05}O_2$ and $LiFePO_4$ used, and we analyzed the electrochemical characteristics of the cathodes. We found that the reversible specific capacity of the cathodes increased and that the capacity retention ratios of the cathodes decreased during cycling as the content of $LiNi_{0.8}Co_{0.15}Al_{0.05}O_2$ increased. Conversely, we found that although the reversible specific capacity of the cathodes decreased because of the material composition, the cycle property of the cathodes increased when the $LiFePO_4$ content increased. We analyzed the thermal stability of the $LiNi_{0.8}Co_{0.15}Al_{0.05}O_2-LiFePO_4$ mixed-material cathodes by differential scanning calorimetry and found that it increased as the $LiFePO_4$ content increased.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 1991

$LiNbO_3$ congruent 조성이 성장결정과 잔류융액의 Curie 온도$(T_c)$측정에 의해 조사되어졌다. 결정성장시 원료의 조성은 48.45에서 48.60mole%$Li_2O$ 까지 변화되어졌다. $LiNbO_3$의 $T_c$는 조성에 따라 크게 변하였고 Tc=10.4184C2-962.996C+23342에 따름을 알 수 있었다. $T_c$측정에는 DSC-1500를 사용하였고, $iNbO_3$내 $Li_2O$의 분배계수가 결정과 융액조성의 관계에 따라 구해졌다. $ iNbO_3$의 congruent조성은 48.52mole%$Li_2O$임이 밝혀졌고 그때의 $T_c$는 $1145{\pm}^1{\circ}C$이었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.225-230
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• 1999

Li(DPM)을 원료로 hot wall 수평 관형 반응기를 이용하여 질소-산소 및 아르곤-산소의 분위기에서 $Li_2O$ 고체박막을 LPMOCVD법으로 합성하였다. XRD와 ESCA 분석으로부터 질소-산소 분위기에서는 $Li_2CO_3$막이, 아르곤-산소의 분위기에서는 $Li_2O$막이 성장하였음을 알아냈다. 성막된 산화리튬과 리튬카보네이트는 기판의 실리콘 성분과 반응하여 실리케이트를 형성하였다. 마이크로 trench법과 Monte Carlo 시뮬레이션에 의해 기상반응 속도상수 및 표면반응 속도상수가 얻어졌으며 이를 이용한 성막속도 계산치와 실험치를 비교한 결과 실험조건범위 내에서 잘 일치하였다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2013

The structural and electrochemical properties of $Li_{0.99}Ni_{0.46}Mn_{1.56}O_4$ ($Fd{\bar{3}}m$, disordered spinel) cathode material were studied and compared with stoichiometric $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$ ($P4_332$, ordered spinel). First cycle discharge capacity of $Li_{0.99}Ni_{0.46}Mn_{1.56}O_4$ was similar to that of $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$ at C/3 and 1C rate, but cycling performance of $Li_{0.99}Ni_{0.46}Mn_{1.56}O_4$ was better than that of $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$ especially at high rate of 1C. This can be explained by performing synchrotron based in-situ XRD and results of GITT measurements. It is considered that faster lithium ion diffusion in the $Li_{0.99}Ni_{0.46}Mn_{1.56}O_4$ cathode results in the improvement of the rate capability. To study structural changes during cycling, synchrotron in-situ XRD patterns of both the samples were recorded at C/3 and 1C rate. Compared to stoichiometric $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$, disordered $Li_{0.99}Ni_{0.46}Mn_{1.56}O_4$ spinel sample has pseudo one phase behavior and one step phase transition between two cubic phases. So, $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$ would experience a much greater strain and stress, originating from the two phase transitions between three cubic phases and suffer from capacity loss during cycling especially at high rate.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the tonification & sedation manipulation for LI4 and KI7 on lacking of sweating in cold environment. Methods: The participants were divided into 3 groups as intact group without acupuncture, acupuncture group inserting and twisting with LI4 tonificaton and KI7 sedation method(LI4-tonify KI7-purge) and acupuncture group inserting and twisting with LI4 sedation and KI7 tonificaton method(LI4-purge KI7-tonify). We obtained baseline data at cold condition with the temperature $14{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. After making the participant staying in cold condition for 10 minute, we measured sweating rate in skin surface, body temperature, oxygen saturation, pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, deoxy-Hb and oxy-Hb in subcutaneous. Results : After acupuncture in cold environment, the sweating rate in skin surface significantly decreased in KI7-purge LI4-tonify group comparing the intact groups. The body temperature significantly increased in LI4-tonify KI7-purge and LI4-purge KI7-tonify groups comparing the intact group. The oxygen saturation significantly increased in LI4-tonify KI7-purge group comparing the intact group. Conclusions : These findings indicated that LI4 tonificaton and KI7 sedation method(LI4-tonify KI7-purge) could be effective for production of sweating in cold condition.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1859-1867
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• 2021

자율주행차량을 위해 다수의 LiDAR 센서가 차량에 탑재되고 있으며, 다수의 LiDAR 센서가 탑재됨에 따라 이를 전처리해줄 시스템이 요구되었다. 이러한 전처리 시스템을 거쳐 메인 프로세서에 센서의 데이터를 전달하거나 이를 처리할 경우 막대한 데이터양에 의해 전송 네트워크에 부하를 야기하고 이를 처리하는 메인 프로세서에도 상당한 부하를 야기하게 된다. 이러한 부하를 최소화하고자 LiDAR 센서의 데이터 중 프레임 간 데이터 비교를 통해 의미 있는 데이터만을 전송하고자 한다. 움직이는 객체가 없는 정적인 실험 환경과 센서의 시야각 내에서 사람이 움직이는 동적 실험환경에서 최대 4대의 LiDAR 센서의 데이터를 처리하였을 때, 정적 실험 환경일 경우 232,104 bytes에서 26,110 bytes로 약 89.5% 데이터 전송량을 줄일 수 있었으며, 동적 실험 환경일 경우 29,179 bytes로 약 88.1%의 데이터 전송량을 감축할 수 있었다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.217-228
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• 2024

자율주행 자동차의 안전한 운행을 위해 카메라, RADAR(RAdio Detection And Ranging), 초음파 센서 중 중추적인 역할을 하는 LiDAR(Light Detection And Ranging) 센서는 360도에서 사물을 인식하고 탐지할 수 있다. 하지만 이러한 LiDAR 센서는 레이저를 통해서 거리를 측정하기 때문에 공격자에 노출되기 쉬우며 다양한 보안위협에 직면해있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 LiDAR 센서를 대상으로 한 여러 가지 보안 위협인 Relay, Spoofing, Replay 공격을 살펴보고 물리적 신호교란(Jamming) 공격의 가능성과 그 영향을 분석하며, 이러한 공격이 자율주행 시스템의 안정성에 미치는 위험을 분석한다. 실험을 통해, 물리적 신호교란 공격이 LiDAR 센서의 거리 측정 능력에 오류를 유발할 수 있음을 보여준다. 개발이 진행 중인 차량 간 통신(Vehicle-to-Vehicle, V2V), 다중 센서 융합과 LiDAR 비정상 데이터 탐지를 통해 이러한 위협에 대한 대응방안과 자율주행 차량의 보안 강화를 위한 기초적인 방향을 제시하고 향후 연구에서 제안된 대응방안의 실제 적용 가능성과 효과를 검증하는 것을 목표로 한다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1241-1248
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• 2002

Performance extension of the absorption refrigerator with LiBr solution is often faced to operate very close to the crystallization limit. Especially in the development of an air-cooled cycle, the crystallization of working solution in the system is a very difficult problem to overcome. This paper describes the cycle of hot water driven absorption system using a new working absorption solution instead of LiBr solution to improve the efficiency. In this study, we found out the characteristics of new working absorption solution through the cycle simulation and compared LiBr solution to evaluate. The effect of cooling water temperature, weak solution flow rate, hot water temperature and hot water flow rate were also examined. The COP is increased 22% higher in the case of LiBr＋Li1＋LiC1＋LiNO$_3$＋$H_2O$, 2% LiBr＋HO(CH$_2$)$_3$OH＋$H_2O$ than that of LiBr solution for the same operation condition.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.110-115
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• 1997

Li-doped ZnO films were prepared on Corning 1737 glass substrate by an rf magnetron sputtering technique using ZnO targets with various $Li_2CO_3$ contents ranging from 0 to 10 mol%. The effects of Li doping on the crystallinity and electrical properties of ZnO films were studied for their SAW filter applications. The film resistivity largely increased without suppressing the c-axis orientation and crystallinity with a small addition of Li. Heat treatment of the film at 40$0^{\circ}C$ induced that the film resistivity, c-axis orientation and crystallinity slightly increased. However, heat treatment of the film at 50$0^{\circ}C$ resulted in much lower resistivity than that of as-deposited film due to the increase of electron concentration caused by the evaporationof Li atoms from the ZnO film. Large addition of Li into the ZnO film rather diminished the film resistivity and suppressed the c-axis growth. It was concluded that a small doping of Li into the ZnO film and heat treatment at 40$0^{\circ}C$ caused the film resistivity to be high enough for SAW filter applications without suppression of the c-axis orientation and crystallinity.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

The proton NMR line widths and spin-lattice relaxation rates, $T_1^{-1}$, of ferroelectric $LiH_3(SeO_3)_2$, $Li_2SO_4{\cdot}H_2O$, and $LiN_2H_5SO_4$ single crystals were measured as a function of temperature. The line width measurements reveal rigid lattice behavior of all the crystals at low temperatures and line narrowing due to molecular motion at higher temperatures. The temperature dependences of the proton $T_1^{-1}$ for these crystals exhibit maxima, which are attributed to the effects of molecular motion by the Bloembergen - Purcell - Pound theory. The activation energies for the molecular motions of $^1H$ in these crystals were obtained. From these analysis, $^1H$ in $LiH_3(SeO_3)_2$ undergoes molecular motion more easily than $^1H$ in $LiN_2H_5SO_4$ and $Li_2SO_4{\cdot}H_2O$ crystals.