• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1063-1072
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• 2009

Membranous nephropathy(MN) is the most common cause of adult nephrotic syndrome worldwide. But treatment of MN is not defined. This study was to evaluate the effects of Lonicerae Flos Extract(LFE) on the MN induced by cBSA in mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups. The first group named for 'Normal' was injected with a saline solution. The second group named 'Control' treated with cBSA(10 mg/kg i.p) only. The third group named 'LFE-250', treated with cBSA(10 mg/kg i.p) and LFE(250 mg/kg, p.o). The fourth group named 'LFE-500'treated with cBSA(10 mg/kg i.p) and LFE(500 mg/kg, p.o). After cBSA and LFE treatment for 4 weeks, we measured change of body weight, 24hrs proteinuria, serum albumin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, BUN, creatinine, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-10, IFN-$\gamma$, IgA, IgM and IgG levels. The morphologic changes of renal glomeruli were also observed with a light microscope. The levels of 24 hrs proteinuria, total cholesterol, IgG , IgM, IgA, IL-6 were significantly decreased in both LFE groups. The level of triglyceride, IL-$1{\beta}$ was significantly decreased in LFE-500 group. The level of Albumin was significantly increased in LFE-250 group. The level of TNF-$\alpha$, IFN-$\gamma$ were significantly decreased in LFE-250 group. The mRNA expression of IL-$1{\beta}$ in splenocytes was consideraly decreased in LFE-500 group. In histological findings of kidney tissue, thickening of GBM decreased in both LFE groups. This study shows that the LFE might be effective for treatment of MN. More clinical data and studies are to be done for efficient application.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 2014

Objective : Lycii Fructus Extracts(LFE) can do Anti-hypertension activity, Antidepressant, Anti-diabetic activity. This study was designed to investigate effects of LFE on skin whitening and elasticity using melanoma cells. Methods : In this experiment, effect of LFE on cell viability, inhibition of melanin synthesis and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and elastase. Results : More than $250{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated group showed lowered proliferation rates significantly compared to non-treated group. More than $125{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated groups were lower levels of melanin synthesis respectively. LFE showed inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activities in vitro. And, LFE suppressed tyrosinase activities in B16F10 cells significantly. Finally, LFE suppressed elastase type I and IV activities in dose-dependent manner in vitro. And LFE also slightly suppressed elastase activities in vivo. Conclusion : These results suggest that LFE can inhibit melanin synthesis through ihhibitory action on tyrosinase activity and inhibt elastase activity, and also suggest that these results can be used for the study on maintaining skin elasticity or whitening.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.38-50
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of Lonicera Flos Extracts(LFE) on whitening using B16F10 cell lines. Methods : In this experiment, we observed effects of LFE on cell viability, inhibitory effects of melanin synthesis, inhibitory effect on tyrosinase, tyrosinase activity, superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity and mRNA expression. Results : In results, more than $2000{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated group showed lowered cell viability rates significantly compared to albutin treated group. More than $2000{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated groups were lower levels of melanin synthesis. Inhibitory effects of melanin production showed in $1000{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated group. $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated group significantly suppressed tyrosinase activities in vitro. LFE and albutin treated group significantly decreased tyrosinase activity compared to non treated group. SOD-like activity of LFE treated group was lower than vitamin C treated group but increased depending on concentration. $500{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated group and $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ of LFE treated group was significantly increased. Tyrosinase mRNA expression of ${\alpha}$-MSH and LFE $250{\mu}g/ml$ treated group significantly decreased compared to ${\alpha}$-MSH treated group. Conclusions : These results suggest that LFE can inhibit melanin synthesis through inhibitory action on tyrosinase activity. And LFE suppressed tyrosinase activities B16F10 cells significantly. So I suggest LFE can apply to whitening.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1524-1532
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• 2021

In this study, Gomchwi (Ligularia fischen) derived from Taebaek-si, Gangwon-do was extracted with 70% ethanol (LFE) and antioxidant activity was measured. The following experimental techniques were used to evaluate the antioxidant efficacy of LFE. Total phenolic contents, ABTS/DPPH radical scavenging analysis, cell viability assay, NO assay, and quantitative real-time PCR technique. The content of polyphenol and flavonoid was each 113.97±0.37 mg GAE/g or 29.22±2.06 mg QE/g in LFE. DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured to be 25 ㎍/㎖ 11.26±0.95%, 50 ㎍/㎖ 17.12±0.63%, 100 ㎍/㎖ 29.54±0.36%, 250 ㎍/㎖ 68.31±0.28%, 500 ㎍/㎖ 75.12±0.05%, and 1000 ㎍/㎖ 75.75±1.57%. In addition, ABTS radical scavenging activity was identified as LFE 25 ㎍/㎖ 13.75±0.21%, 50 ㎍/㎖ 26.71±0.20%, 100 ㎍/㎖ 56.92±0.22%, 250 ㎍/㎖ 91.30±0.12%, 500 ㎍/㎖ 93.40±0.02, and 1000 ㎍/㎖ 93.19±0.04%. There was no significant cytotoxicity of LFE. NO production was significantly decreased to LFE 50 ㎍/㎖ 79.40±2.64%, 100 ㎍/㎖ 55.01±5.36%, and 200 ㎍/㎖ 30.93±3.11%. Also, the NOS2 gene expression was significantly reduced to LFE 50 ㎍/㎖ 0.94±0.11, 100 ㎍/㎖ 0.59±0.05, and 200 ㎍/㎖ 0.32±0.04. This result objectively confirmed the antioxidant effect of Gomchwi. We will continue to conduct in-depth research. Therefore, it is believed that the possibility of using Gomchwi as a cosmetic and functional food material can be established.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.709-716
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary Fe levels on Cd accumulation in Cd poisoned rats. Forty male weaning Sprague Dawley rats weighing 80-90g were divided into 4 groups(LFe : low Fe, LFeCd : low Fe and Cd, AFe : adequate Fe, AFeCd : adequate Fe and Cd) according to Cd administration(Cd : 0 or 50ppm in drinking water) and Fe levels (Fe : 6 or 40ppm in diet) for 12 weeks. The food intake and weight gain of LFe and LFeCd were significantly lower than those of AFe and AFeCd(p<0.01, p<0.001). The water intake was not affected significantly by Cd and Fe, therefore Cd intake was no significant difference between groups. The Cd accumulation of kidney in LFeCd was significantly higher than those of AFeCd(p<0.001). But the Cd accumulations of brain, liver and spleen were not significantly different between Cd groups and without Cd groups. The serum Cd content and urinary Cd excretion of LFeCd was significantly higher than those of AFeCd(p<0.01, p<0.01). But the fecal Cd excretion of LFeCd was significantly lower than that of AFeCd(p<0.001). The Cd retention, Cd retention rate, and apparent Cd digestibility of LFeCd were significantly higher than those of AFeCd(p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001). It was concluded that adequate Fe supplementation have protective effects on the long term Cd poisoning in rats.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.10-19
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• 2019

Background: In patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), lumbar flexion exercise (LFE) is considered a standard therapeutic exercise that widens the space between the spinal canal and intervertebral foramen. However, some researchers have reported that lumbar extension exercise (LEE) may improve lumbar pain and functional ability in patients with LSS. Although exercise intervention methods for patients with LSS have been widely applied in clinical settings, few studies have conducted comparative analysis of these exercise methods. Objects: This study aimed to compare the effects of LFE, LEE, and lumbar flexion combined with lumbar flexion-extension exercise (LFEE) on pain, range of motion (ROM), pelvic tilt angle, and functional gait ability in patients with LSS. Methods: A total of 30 patients with LSS, LFE (n1=10), LEE (n2=10), and LFEE (n3=10) were assigned to each of the three exercise groups. The numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), modified-modified schober test (MMST)-flexion, MMST-extension, pelvic tilt inclinometer, and 6-minute walking test (6MWT) were measured. Results: After the intervention, statistically significant differences were observed in the NPRS (p=.043), MMST-flexion (p<.001), MMST-extension (p<.001), and 6MWT (p=.005) between groups. According to the post hoc test, the NPRS was statistically significant difference between the LFEE and LEE groups (p=.034). The MMST-flexion was statistically significantly different between the LFE and LEE (p=.000), LFE and LFEE (p=.001), and LEE and LFEE (p=.001) groups. The MMST-extension was statistically significantly different between the LFE and LEE (p<.001), LFE and LFEE (p=.002), and LEE and LFEE (p=.008) groups. The 6MWT was statistically significantly different between the LFE and LFEE (p=.042) and the LEE and LFEE (p=.004) groups. Conclusion: This study suggested that LFEE was the most effective exercise for pain and functional gait ability in patients with LSS, LFE was the most effective exercise for lumbar flexion ROM, and LEE was the most effective exercise for lumbar extension ROM.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary low (Fe) levels on Fe metabolism of cadmium(Cd) poisoned rats. 40 male Sprague weaning Dawley rats weighing 80-90g were divided into 4 groups(LFe:low Fe, LFeCd:low Fe and Cd, AFe: adequate Fe, AFeCd: adequate Fe and Cd) according to Cd administration(0, 50ppm in drinking water) and Fe levels(Fe:6ppm, 40ppm in diet)for 12 weeks. The food intake and body weight gain of Cd group with low Fe(LFeCd) were significantly lower than those of without Cd group with adequate Fe(AFe)(p<0.01, P<0.05). But there was no significantly difference between Cd groups and without Cd groups in water intake. The blood levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum levels of Fe of LFeCd were significantly lower than those of AFe(p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.001). The urinary and fecal excretion of Fe of LFeCd was significantly lower than that of AFe(p<0.05, p0.05). The levels of Fe of liver, spleen in LFeCd were lower than those of AFeCd(p<0.05, p<0.05). These results indicates that adequate iron supplementation to Cd pretreated rats induce protective effects on the reduction of Fe status by Cd poisoning.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.164-172
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate functional quality characteristics of extract obtained after sugar-leaching for 12 weeks (SLE) and extract obtained after lactic acid fermentation for 8 weeks (LFE) of mulberry leaves. The yield, sugar content, pH, and total acidity of SLE were 27%, 43 $^{\circ}Brix$, 4.6, and 0.45%. The yield, sugar content, pH, and total acidity of LFE were 166%, 33 $^{\circ}Brix$, 3.6, and 1.17% respectively. The lactic acid bacteria viable numbers ($1.2{\times}10^{10}$ CFU/ml) of LFE were more than those of SLE ($2.8{\times}10^2$ CFU/ml). The LFE expressed activities of hydrolytic enzymes (amylase, cellulase, pectinase, protease), but SLE did not express. The contents of acetic acid, citric acid, and malic acid of SLE were higher than those of LFE, but lactic acid content of LFE was higher than that of SLE. The main free sugars of SLE were glucose (200.93 mg/g), fructose (236.32 mg/g), and sucrose (18.41 mg/g), but LFE did not detect all free sugars. The contents of polyphenol, anthocyanin, and piperidine alkaloid of LFE were higher than those of SLE. ${\alpha}$-Glycosidase activities were inhibited 3.4% and 16.2% by SLE and LFE. These results suggest that lactic acid fermentation extraction is an effective method to increase the yield and contents of functional quality of mulberry leaves extract.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2003

In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of the Lycii Fructus water extracts (LFE) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and the mechanism underlying these protective effects in the rats. The pretreatment of LFE has shown to possess a significant protective effect by lowering the serum alanine and aspartate aminoteansferase (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This hepatoprotective action was confirmed by histological observation, In addition, the pretreatment of LFE prevented the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and the depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) content and catalase activity in the liver of CC1₄-injected rats. The LFE also displayed hydroxide radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 83.6 μg/ml), as assayed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique. Moreover, the expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) mRNA, as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), was significantly decreased in the liver of LFE-pretreated rats when compared with that in the liver of control group. Based on these results, it was suggested that the hepatoprotective effects of the LFE may be related to antioxidant effects and regulation of CYP2E1 gene expression.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.303-309
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• 2013

The extract from Lysimachia foenum-graecum (LFE) has been known to possess various instructive characters including anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, fungicidal activities. However, the accurate mechanism of those effects of LFE is not well known. In that respect, we evaluated the apoptotic effect and anti-cancer efficacy of extracts of LFE in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In this study, we hypothesized that LFE may exert cancer cell apoptosis through regulating p53 and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic proteins. And this substance can generate ROS to cause free radical-induced apoptosis. Accordingly, the generation of ROS by LFE triggers the activation of p53 which are accompanied by pro-apoptotic protein activation and suppression of pro-survival proteins. We determined with MTT assay, flow cytometry for detection of intracellular ROS and Annexin V-PI staining, Western blotting. Consequently, our researches demonstrated that the treatment of LFE to breast cancer cells resulted in an activation of p53, Puma, Bax, cleaved-PARP and an inhibition of Bcl-2 expressions.