• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 1984

Six kinds of sugars (Maltose, Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose, Mannose and Lactose) and four kinds of organic acids (Malic, Tartaric, Lactic and Citric) were added by 2-10% for the former and 0.2-1.8% for the later in quantitatively to the inferior quality of Flue-cured leaf tobaccos, and treated at 135$^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes to examine the effect on deliveries of tar and nicotine in smoke, variation of smoke pH and smoking taste. The results obtained are as follows. Tar and nicotine deliveries in smoke of tobacco show a great reduction with 5-6% addition of sugars. Reduction of nicotine delivery was to be 19% with addition of Glucose. Tar in smoke was, however, increased by 5-8% with 4% addition of Sucrose or Lactose. On the other hand, 4% addition of Glucose and Fructose gave 1 % reduction of tar delivery, but the reduction rate became to be small with increase of adding quantity. The smoking taste by the addition of Glucose and Fructose tobacco was found to be milder than by the other sugars. Tar and nicotine deliveries show a decreasing trend with the addition of organic acid, and Tartaric acid, among the organic acids described above, had greater effect than the other acids. 1% addition of Tartaric acid gaves 10-11% reduction in tar and nicotine delivery, and a fall of smoke pH, from 6.40 to 6.05, was found. Smoking taste by the addition of Lactic and Tartaric acid had milder than the others. And heat treatment for 10 minutes at $135^{\circ}C$ gave also better on smoking taste. The addition of mixture of sugars and organic acids, (Glucose 4%+Lactic acid 0.8% + Tartaric acid 0.2%) and then the successive heat treatment for 10 minutes at $135^{\circ}C$ improved greatly the quality of Fluecured leaf tobacco, and nicotine were reduced to 16-29%, and pH was changed from 6.46 to 6.14.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.593-601
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• 2015

The NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index) is used as indicators of crop growth situation in remote sensing. To measure or validate the NDVI, reliable NDVI sensors have been needed. We tested new fixed-field NDVI sensor, "SRS (Spectral Reflectance Sensor)" developed by Decagon Devices, during Kimchi cabbage growing season at the cultivation area located in Gochang, Gangneung and Taebaek in Korea from 2014 to 2015. The diurnal variation of NDVI measured by SRS (SRS NDVI) showed a slight ${\cap}$-profile shape and was affected by water on the sensor surface. This means that SRS NDVI around noontime is resonable, except rainy day. Comparisons were made between the SRS NDVI and NDVI of used widely mobile sensor (Cropcircle NDVI). The comparisons indicate that SRS NDVI are close to Cropcircle NDVI (R=0.99). SRS NDVI time series displayed change of the plant height and leaf width of Kimchi cabbage. An obvious exponential relationship is found between SRS NDVI and the plant height ($R^2{\geq}0.92$) and leaf width ($R^2{\geq}0.92$) of Kimchi cabbage. Thus, SRS NDVI will be used as indicator of crop growth situation and a very powerful tool for evaluation of remote sensing NDVI estimates and associated corrections.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.115-132
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• 2021

Seven species and two varieties belonging to the genus Boehmeria Jacq. (Urticaceae) are known to be distributed in Korea. Among them, B. spicata, B. tricuspis, and B. tricuspis var. unicuspis were subjected to an external morphological study. Among the individuals believed to exhibit variations in the leaf shape, B. gracilis and B. silvestrii were newly recognized. Unlike related taxa, B. gracilis has middle leaves with an elliptic, broadly elliptic, ovate, or broadly depressed ovate shape, a regular and serrulate-dentate margin, and an unlobed and short caudate or cuspidate apex. Boehmeria silvestrii has middle leaves with 5-angled ovate, orbicular ovate or broadly ovate shapes, and 3- or 5-lobed and caudate apices. Therefore, we assigned the corresponding names 'Top-geo-buk-kko-ri' and 'Cham-geo-buk-kko-ri'. Meanwhile, the B. spicata complex (B. gracilis, B. silvestrii, B. spicata, and B. tricuspis var. unicuspis) is very closely related in terms of the morphological characters, whereas B. tricuspis exhibits no relationship. Furthermore, because the scientific name and type specimen of B. tricuspis var. unicuspis (Pul-geo-buk-kko-ri) are problematic, the correct name B. paraspicata Nakai and corresponding holotype are presented. Additionally, lectotypes of B. gracilis and B. silvestrii are newly designated here. A taxonomic treatment, descriptions, a key, photographs, type specimens, and leaf variation images of the B. spicata complex are provided in this study.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.314-319
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• 1985

In order to observe the differences of several characters related to earliness, seven barley varieties were tested under two different photoperiodic conditions. Final leaf number per main stem under long day did not vary among varieties, but ranged 6 to 7 in early group and 9 to 10 in late group under shortday. Shoot apex of early varieties, Jogangbori and Oweolbori reached to X stage at 24 days, but that of late variety, CI 15446 did to X stag at 32 days after transplanting under short day. Spike length reached to maximum length at 39 days in early group, but at 51 days in late group. Saeolbori, CI 15446 and Hangmi were photo-sensitive, but Jogangbori and Oweolbori were photo-insensitive. Therefore, the photoperiodic response to short day was most responsible to heading time. Those results showed that early heading varieties had the characteristics with less variation of final leaves, less retardation of shoot apex development and spike elongation, and shorter period to flag leaf emergence under short day.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.94-94
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• 2020

Safflower, a draught and salt tolerant oil seed crop of Compositae family, has been cultivated around the world mainly as source of edible oils and dyes, where India, the USA, Mexico, Australia, and Ethiopia contributing about 85% of the production altogether. In this study we have characterized some selected morphological properties of safflower plant and determined the the total phenolic content (TPC) and fatty acid composition in seeds of 237 genetic resources. All the seed coats were white colored while the petals had red, yellow and white pigments. The yellow was the predominant petal color being recorded in 182 accessions followed by red occurring in 49 accessions. The petal color of 47 of the accessions changed with development while the 190 accession showed no change of color. The leaves are ovate to obovate, mostly with dentate (21 moderate and 205 weak) and few smooth (11) margins. The plant length, leaf length, and leaf width were ranged between 65.7 and 160.8 cm, 14.3 and 37.0 cm, and 3.3 and 12.1 cm, respectively. The TPC was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and fatty acid compositions were evaluated using gas chromatography. The TPC content ranged from 23.71 to 132.72 µgGAE/mg dried extract (DE). The seeds of safflower genetic resources accounted an average crude fat content of 26.25% (14.84 to 41.70%). The total fatty acid is mainly comprised of 71.72% linoleic acid (18:2) and 20.08% oleic acid (18:1) on average, the remaining palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0) and linolenic acid (18:3) contributing 5.84, 2.23 and 0.15 %, respectively. The fatty acid composition of safflower seeds has shown great variability, where oleic and linoleic acid have a wide range of variation, from 9.23 to 83.35% and from 10.46 to 82.62%, respectively

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 2010

To understand the morphological differentiation of the 26 accessions of Foxtail Millet collected in Korea (15 accessions), China (7 accessions) and Pakistan (4 accessions), we analyzed 9 morphological characteristics such as plant height, panicle length, leaf number, tiller number, heading time, seed weight and panicle color etc. Most accessions of foxtail millet collected in Korea showed late heading time, tall plant height and long conical panicles. While foxtail millet accessions of Pakistan showed early heading time, short plant height and short conical panicles. In case of Chinese accessions, some accessions of them showed similar characteristics with Korean accessions, and the other showed similar characteristics to Pakistan accessions. In ANOVA analysis, most of quantitative characteristics such as plant height, leaf number, internode number and heading time showed significant differences among foxtail millet accessions collected from Korea, China and Pakistan. Principal component analyses clearly discriminate foxtail millet accessions of Korea from those of China and Pakistan. In PCA analysis, most of quantitative characters such as panicle length, leaf number and internode number greatly contributed in positive direction, whereas several quantitative characters such as tiller number, seed weight and panicle color contributed in negative direction on the first axis. Thus, these morphological characteristics could be used to classify the foxtail millet accessions collected in Korea, China and Pakistan. The present results could expand our understanding of the morphological variation in foxtail millet accessions from Korea, China and Pakistan, and also could be useful for foxtail millet germplasm preservation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2013

This study was conducted to examine the geographic variation of bud phenology of Zelkova serrata provenances. Data were collected from Gangneung, Yilmsil, Hwaseong and Jinju plantations which were parts of the 6 provenance trials established by Korea Forest Research Institute in 2009. The 16 provenances were included in these trials. The starting date of bud burst and finishing date of leaf expansion were investigated from April to May every other day. The four geographic factors and fifteen climatic factors of the test sites and provenances were considered in this study. Canonical correlation analysis was conducted to examine the major factors affecting the bud phenology between test sites and provenances. The study results suggested that the major factors affecting the timing of bud burst were the differences of extremely high temperature (March-October), annual mean temperature, mean temperature (March-October), extremely high temperature (July-August) and mean humidity (June-October) between test site and provenance. The provenances with lower mean or high temperature than those of plantation showed the earlier bud burst and leaf expansion. It showed a typical north-south or low-high temperature cline. Finally, we discussed the implication of the tree breeding program of Z. serrata based on these results.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 2007

During monocarpic senescence in higher plants, functional stay-green delays leaf yellowing, maintaining photosynthetic competence, whereas nonfunctional stay-green retains leaf greenness without sustaining photosynthetic activity. Thus, functional stay-green is considered a beneficial trait that can increase grain yield in cereal crops. A stay-green japonica rice 'SNU-SG1' had a good seed-setting rate and grain yield, indicating the presence of a functional stay-green genotype. SNU-SG1 was crossed with two regular cultivars to determine the inheritance mode and identify major QTLs conferring stay-green in SNU-SG1. For QTL analysis, linkage maps with 100 and 116 DNA marker loci were constructed using selective genotyping with $F_2$ and RIL (recombinant inbred line) populations, respectively. Molecular marker-based QTL analyses with both populations revealed that the functional stay-green phenotype of SNU-SG1 is regulated by several major QTLs accounting for a large portion of the genetic variation. Three main-effect QTLs located on chromosomes 7 and 9 were detected in both populations and a number of epistatic-effect QTLs were also found. The amount of variation explained by several digenic interactions was larger than that explained by main-effect QTLs. Two main-effect QTLs on chromosome 9 can be considered the target loci that most influence the functional stay-green in SNU-SG1. The functional stay-green QTLs may help develop low-input high-yielding rice cultivars by QTL-marker-assisted breeding with SNU-SG1.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 2006

A nursery trial comprising 109 progenies of 5 populations of Cornus kousa was analysed using multivariate analysis of 12 quantitative traits (growth and leaf form). The aim of this study was to examine geographic variation of the species based on the single, existing nursery trial to support a genetic resource conservation plan of Cornus kousa in Korea. Nested Anova showed that there were statistically significant differences among populations as well as among families within populations in all 12 quantitative traits. In 10 of 12 traits, variance components among families within populations were higher than those among populations. Cluster analysis using complete linkage method showed three groups to Euclidean distance 0.8. Among principal components, primary 2 principal components appeared to be major variables because of the loading contribution of 91.9%. The first contribution component was maximum width, vein number, blade length/petiole length and upper 1/3 width lower 1/3 width; the second one was height, diameter at root collar, blade length, upper 1/3 width, petiole length and petiole length/vein number, respectively. But all characters showed no significant difference with the pattern of geographic distribution.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.353-362
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the effect of geographical variations on Sargassum thunbergii morphology to make a taxonomic reconsideration about infraspecific taxa in this species. In order to examine the morphological characteristics of S. thunbergii, total 27 matured and morphologically intact thalli were collected from the east, west and south coast in spring 2011. Interestingly, it was observed that the species populations on the west coast were characterized by short, thin and coarse thallus, and soft texture. However, the populations on the east coast showed thicker thallus, larger leaf and vesicle, and tougher texture. Thallus height of S. thunbergii was found to be similar at both east and west coast. Further, the height of the thallus and lateral branch of the species populations residing south coast were highest whereas the size of leaf and vesicle are shortest, in comparison with east and west coast species. Although morphological characteristics of the north east coast populations corresponded to the original description of S. thunbergii f. latifolium, we could not find exact morphological features and diagnostic characters to distinguish form in S. thunbergii. These results indicated that it is not the optimal characteristics to identify infraspecific form in this species. In contrast, morphological variations may signify the adaptation of this species to local environmental factors. Thus, we recommend that intraspecific morphological variation of S. thunbergii should be carefully used to identify infraspecific taxa.