• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.800-807
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the antioxidative activity of a substance isolated from. The antioxidative activity of procyanidine was higher than that of dl-tocopherol and BHA on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). Procyanidine inhibited the copper-mediated oxidation of human LDL in a dose dependent manner with almost complete inhibition at $60{\mu}g/mL$. Procyanidine at a concentration of $80{\mu}g/mL$ in hibited oxidation of LDL induced by J774. LDL oxidized by copper-mediated or cell-induced oxidation was degraded at a much greater rate than native LDL. These results suggested the importance of further research to procyanidine in the investigation of atherosclerosis and free radical-induced injury.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2006

The oxidative notification of low density lipoprotein(LDL) has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL are found in macrophage foam cell, and it can induce an macrophage proliferation in atherosclerotic plaque. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that Samkieum may reduce atherosclerosis by lowering the oxidiazability of LDL, To achieve this goal, we examined the effect of Samkieum on LDL oxidation nitric oxide production in mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, and the effect of Samkieum on cupuric sulfate-induced cytotoxicity, LDH release, and macrophage activity. Samkieum inhibited the generation of oxidized LDL from native LDL in RAW264.7 cell culture, and decreased the release of LDH from cupric sulfate-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. In other experiments, Samkieum activated RAW264.7 cell, and prolonged the survival time, and increased nitric oxide production in Raw 264.7 cells.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.203-212
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• 2003

Objective : As a link in chain of research to confirm the oriental medical prescription which has the anti-atherosclerosis effects, this research evaluated the effects on the macrophage-related factors by using KanghwalSokdantang(KS). Methods : In order to perform this research, we have evaluated the effects on the oxLDL formation from the macrophages, the nitric oxide formation, and the oxidation of macrophages. Thus, with this evaluation, we have investigated the applicapability on the artherosclerosis. Results : KanghwalSokdantang has showed a noticeable reduction of protein oxidation in the process of oxLDL formation, has remarkably restrained phospholipid peroxidation, an index to estimated the phospholipid oxidation and reduction that are formed in the process of macrophage's oxLDL formation, and has increased the nitrite concentration noticeably in the LDL-dealing macrophages. By increasing the survival rate of macrophages, KanghwalSokdantang has restrained the cellular damages. KanghwalSokdantang is ineffective on the LDH outflow from damaged cells. $1{\mu}g/ml$ KanghwalSokdantang sample has increased acid phosphatase activity remarkably. Conclusion : KanghwalSokdantang has the possibility to be used in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, which is formed by the oxLDL formation of macrophages.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.289-296
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• 1997

Antioxidative activity of fraction extracted from cultivation of Aspergillus sp. A-5 against oxidation of human low density lipoprotein(LDL) was investigated. Fractions of Aspergillus sp. A-5 cultivation was sucessively purified with ethyl acetate and silica gel column chromatography. The concentration of fraction 4 inhibited Cu$^{2+}$-induced oxidation of LDL almost completely. Band 3 isolated by the further purification of fraction 4 was higher than that of same concentration of $\alpha$-tocopherol, BHA and BHT. The elcetrophoretic mobility of oxidized LDL by addition of Band 3 was faster than that of native LDL, but slower than that of oxidzed LDL. It is concluded that fraction of Aspergillus cultivation contained antioxidants with the capacity to inhibit oxidative modification of LDL.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.342-348
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• 2001

Growing evidence indicates that oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) may promote atherogenesis. Therefore, inhibition of LDL oxidation may impede this process. The effect of chitin sulfate on the susceptibility of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) to macrophages-induced oxidation was investigated by monitoring a thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). Chitin sulfate inhibited LDL oxidation by macrophages in a dose dependent manner, with a 50~100$\mu$M, as assessed by TBAaS assay. Chitin sulfate, at 100 $\mu$M, almost completely inhibited the macrophage-induced increase in electrophoretic mobility of LDL. Also, chitin sulfate almost completely inhibit $O_2$￣ at concentration of 100 $\mu$M. These observations suggest that chitin sulfate might be an effective in prevention of atherosclerosis.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.151-155
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• 2008

Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is regarded to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. In the present study, salad vegetables with a remarkable DPPH radical-scavenging activity were extracted with methanol, and the methanol extracts were evaluated for the inhibition of $Cu^{2+}$-induced oxidation of human LDL. Separately, the amount of total phenolics was determined colorimetrically using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The vegetable extracts, expressing a strong inhibition of LDL oxidation ($IC_{50}$ values, <$100\;{\mu}g/mL$), were from angelica, dandelion, mustard leaf, and water spinach, which contained relatively high level of polyphenol content. Noteworthy, a highly positive correlation was observed between inhibition of LDL oxidation and amount of total polyphenol (p<0.01). Based on these results, it is suggested that salad vegetables, especially angelica, dandelion, and mustard leaf, may be used as easily accessible sources of natural antioxidants, especially in anti-atherosclerosis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1330-1335
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• 2007

This study was developed to assess the antioxidative activity of aged black garlic extract on lipid peroxidation and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Antioxidative activity of aged black garlic extract on human low density lipoprotein (LDL) was investigated by monitoring a barbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). Electron donating ability (EDA) of aged black garlic, ethanol extract was higher than that alliin and water extract. Aged black garlic water and ethanol extracts inhibited the $Cu^{2+}$ mediated oxidation of human LDL in a dose dependent manner at concentration of 10 and $20\;{\mu}g/ml$. Ethanol extract and water extract of aged black garlic almost completely inhibited J774 mediated LDL oxidation in electrophoretic mobility and conjugated diene. These results indicate that aged black garlic might play a protective antioxidant effects on LDL, probably affecting the structural properties for the LDL oxidation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.134-142
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• 1996

Diabetes carries an increased risk of atherosclerotic disease that is not fully explained by known car-diovascular risk factors. There is accumulating evidence that advanced glycation of structural proteins, and oxidation and glycation of circulating lipoproteins, are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic ather-osclerosis. Reactions involving glycation and oxidation of proteins and lipids are believed to contribute to atherogenesis. Glycation, the nonenzymatic binding of glucose to protein molecules, can increase the ather-ogenic potential of certain plasma constituents, including low density lipoptotein(LDL). Glycation of LDL is significant increased in diabetic patients compared with normal subjects, even in the presence of good glycemic control. Metabolic abnormalities associated with glycation of LDL include diminished recognition of LDL by the classic LDL receptor; increased covalent binding of LDL in vessel walls ; enhanced uptake of LDL by the macrophages, thus stimulating foam cell formation ; increased platelet aggregation; formation of LDL-immune complexes ; and generation of oxygen free radicals, resulting on oxidative damage to both the lipid and protein components of LDL and to any nearby macromolecules. Oxidized lipoproteins are characterzied by cytotoxicity, potent stimulation of foam cell formation by macrophages, and procoagulant effects. Combined glycation and oxidation, "glycoxidation" occurs when oxidative reactions affect the initial products of glycation, and results in irreversible structural alterations of proteins. Glycoxidation is of greatest significance in long lived proteins such as collagen. In these proteins, glycoxidation products, believed to be atherogenic, accumulate with advancing age : in diabetes, their rate of accumulate is accelerated. Inhibition of glycation, oxidation and glycoxidation may form the basis of future antiaterogenic strategies in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals.dividuals.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2000

The oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein(LDL) has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis . Oxidized LDL(oxLDL) are found in macrophage foam cell , and it can induce an macrophage proliferation in atherosclerotic plaque. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that Tokhwalkisaengtang(TK) may reduce atherosclerosis by lowering the oxidizability of LDL, To achieve this goal, we examined the effect of TK on LDL oxidation, nitric oxide production in murine macrophage cell line , and the effect of TK on cupuric sulfate-induced cytotoxicity. LDH release, and macrophage activity TK inhibited the generation of oxLDL from native LDL in macrophage cell culture, and decreased the release of LDH from cupric sulfate-stimulated macrophage. In other experiments, TK activated macrophase cell, and increased the survival rate, and enhanced nitric oxide production in macrophage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.362-370
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• 1995

Human plasma low density lipoprotein(LDL) is the main carrier for cholesterol, and recent studies suggest the normal LDL can be readily oxidized by free radical and not interact with LDL receptor. Lipoprotein pariticles are consisted of lipid andprotein, and fatty acids of lipoproteins are prone to oxidation. LDL particles readily undergo oxidative modification by copper. From the results, oxidized LDL altered its biological properties. A marked increase in the electrophoretic mobility of LDl on agarose gel indicated that negative surface charge of the LDL particles was increased. Also, the results from the HPLC showed that oxidized LDL was degraded into several polypeptides nonenzymatically. Degradation tests which measured the amount of 5-IAF labelled oxidized LDL were carried out by monocyte and hepatocyte cell culture. Hepatocyte cell culture of modified LDL did not show consistent pattern. However, binding rate of modified LDL with HMDM(human monocyte derived macrophage) was enhanced with oxidation, but was retarded by addition of antioxidants(hyaluronic acid, vitamin A, vitamin E). Also comparisons of oxidized-LDL, acetyl-LDL and MDA-LDL showed significant differences in the chemical properteis and binding affinity to HMDM. Thus, modificaition of normal LDL altered its biological properties.