Food Science and Biotechnology

Korean Society of Food Science and Technology (한국식품과학회)
권호 표지

Protection of Green Leafy Vegetable Extracts Against Oxidation of Human Low Density Lipoprotein

  • Park, Cheon-Ho (College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kwon, Oh-Yun (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Shim, Hyun-Jung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Min-Hee (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Lee, Jeung-Hee (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Lee, Kun-Jong (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Liu, Xi-Wen (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Sok, Dai-Eun (College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Mee-Ree (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University)
  • Published : 2008.02.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is regarded to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. In the present study, salad vegetables with a remarkable DPPH radical-scavenging activity were extracted with methanol, and the methanol extracts were evaluated for the inhibition of $Cu^{2+}$-induced oxidation of human LDL. Separately, the amount of total phenolics was determined colorimetrically using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The vegetable extracts, expressing a strong inhibition of LDL oxidation ($IC_{50}$ values, <$100\;{\mu}g/mL$), were from angelica, dandelion, mustard leaf, and water spinach, which contained relatively high level of polyphenol content. Noteworthy, a highly positive correlation was observed between inhibition of LDL oxidation and amount of total polyphenol (p<0.01). Based on these results, it is suggested that salad vegetables, especially angelica, dandelion, and mustard leaf, may be used as easily accessible sources of natural antioxidants, especially in anti-atherosclerosis.

Keywords

References

  1. Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Gordon T, McNamara PM. Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and the risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham study. Ann. Intern. Med. 74: 1-12 (1971) https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-74-1-1
  2. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: Implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52: 223-261 (1983) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.001255
  3. Chisolm GM, Steinberg D. The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: An overview. Free Radical Bio. Med. 28: 1815- 1826 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00344-0
  4. Berliner JA, Heinecke JW. The role of oxidized lipoproteins in atherogenesis. Free Radical Bio. Med. 20: 707-727 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(95)02173-6
  5. Lougheed M, Steinbrecher UP. Mechanism of uptake of copperoxidized low density lipoprotein in macrophages is dependent on its extent of oxidation. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 11798-11805 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.20.11798
  6. Steinberg D. Antioxidants in the prevention of human atherosclerosis. Circulation 85: 2337-2344 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.85.6.2337
  7. Liu S, Manson JE, Lee IM, Cole SR, Hennekens CH, Willett WC, Buring JE. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: The women's health study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72: 922-928 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.4.922
  8. Kaliora AC, Dedoussis GV, Schmidt H. Dietary antioxidants in preventing atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 187: 1-17 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.001
  9. Ryu BH. Inhibition of human low density lipoprotein oxidation by extracts from Rhusverniciflua strokes. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 9: 204- 208 (2000)
  10. Zao Xin, Song KB, Kim MR. Antioxidant activity of salad vegetables grown in Korea. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 9: 289-294 (2004) https://doi.org/10.3746/jfn.2004.9.4.289
  11. Kang KH, Kwon HJ. Possible oxidation promoting activity of plant extracts with reported antioxidant activities. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 8: 97-102 (1999)
  12. Eberhardt MV, Lee CY, Liu RH. Antioxidant activity of fresh apples. Nature 405: 904-905 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1038/35016154
  13. Liu RH. Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78: 517S-520S (2003) https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.3.517S
  14. Singleton VL, Rossi JA Jr. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 16: 144-158 (1965)
  15. Havel RJ, Eden HA, Bragdon JH. The distribution and chemical composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins in human serum. J. Clin. Invest. 34: 1345-1353 (1955) https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI103182
  16. Schumaker VN, Puppione DL. Sequential flotation ultracentrifugation. Method Enzymol. 128: 155-170 (1986) https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(86)28066-0
  17. SAS Institute Inc. SAS User's Guide. Statistics version 6.12. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, Cary, NC, USA (1997)
  18. Jacob RA. The integrated antioxidant system. Nutr. Res. 5: 755-766 (1995)
  19. Krinsky NI. Mechanisms of action of biological antioxidants. P. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 200: 248-254 (1992) https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-200-43429
  20. Lee EJ, Kwon YI, Shetty K, Jang HD. Antioxidant activity of Phodiola rosea extracts on human low-density lipoprotein oxidation and DNA strand scission. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 13: 814-820 (2004)
  21. Park YK, Lee WY, Park SY, Ahn JK, Han MS. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Callistemon citrinus extracts. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 14: 212-215 (2005)
  22. Ryu BH. Antioxidative activity of flavonoid on oxidation of human low density lipoprotein induced by macrophages and copper. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 11: 84-88 (2002)
  23. Pearson DA, Tan CH, German JB, Davis PA, Gerschwin ME. Apple juice inhibits human low density lipoprotein oxidation. Life Sci. 64: 1913-1930 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00137-X
  24. Aviram M. Modified forms of low density lipoprotein affect platelet aggregation in vitro. Thromb. Res. 53: 561-567 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-3848(89)90145-X
  25. Kugiyama K, Sakamoto T, Misumi I, Sugiyama S, Ohgushi M, Ogawa H, Horiguchi M, Yasue H. Transferable lipids in oxidized low-density lipoprotein stimulate plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and inhibit tissue-type plasminogen activator release from endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 73: 335-343 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.73.2.335
  26. Benavente-Garcia O, Castillo J, Marin FR, Ortuno A, Rio JAD. Use and properties of citrus flavonoids. J. Agr. Food Chem. 45: 4505- 4515 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1021/jf970373s
  27. Wang SY, Chang HN, Lin KT, Lo CP, Yang NS, Shyur LF. Antioxidant properties and phytochemical characteristics of extracts from Lactuca indica. J. Agr. Food Chem. 51: 1506-1512 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0259415
  28. Makino T, Ono T, Muso E, Honda G. Inhibitory effect of Perilla frutescens and its phenolic constituents on cultured murine mesangial cell proliferation. Planta Med. 64: 541-545 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957510
  29. Teissedre PL, Frankel EN, Waterhouse AL, Peleg H, German JB. Inhibition of in vitro human LDL oxidation by phenolic antioxidants from grapes and wines. J. Sci. Food Agr. 70: 55-61 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199601)70:1<55::AID-JSFA471>3.0.CO;2-X
  30. Aherne SA, O'Brien NM. Dietary flavonols: Chemistry, food content, and metabolism. Nutrition 18: 75-81 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00695-5
  31. Fuhrman B, Aviram M. Flavonoids protect LDL from oxidation and attenuate atherosclerosis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 12: 41-48 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200102000-00008
  32. Aviram M, Fuhrman B. Polyphenolic flavonoids inhibit macrophagemediated oxidation of LDL and attenuate atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 137: S45-S50 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00306-7