• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.55 no.6
• /
• pp.579-588
• /
• 2003

Background : The hospital-acquired pneumonia is the most common nosocomial infection. Recently, the Acinetobacter baummannii infections are rapidly increasing, especially the frequency of Multi-drug resistant A. baumannii. Therefore we assessed clinical features and prognosis of patients in the ICU with Multi-drug resistant A. baumannii from the sputum culture using the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score(CPIS). Method : The medical records of 43 patients with Multi-drug resistant A. baumannii from sputum culture who were suspected had clinically pneumonia and admitted to the ICU from January 2000 to July 2002 were retrospectively analyzed. Results : 19 patients were CPIS greater than 6 and 24 patients were CPIS less than or equal to 6. Mean age for the former was $71{\pm}11$ years old, and the latter was $61{\pm}19$ years old. The mean APACHE II score on admission and on sputum study was not different between two groups($17.4{\pm}5.7$ vs $18.5{\pm}6.1$, p=0.553, $20{\pm}6$ vs $17{\pm}8$, p=0.078). But the mortality rate was 73.7% for the former, and 16.7% for the latter(p<0.001). Conclusion : In ICU patients who had clinically suspected pneumonia with sputum culture positive for Multi-drug resistant A. baumannii, the mortality was significantly higher if CPIS was greater than 6.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.141-148
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the distribution of clusters and blood flow rate in ADHD SPECT brain blood flow images of children using statistical parametric mapping (SPM99). We studied 64 ADHD children (4-15 y, $8.03{\pm}2.57$ y. male/female:52/12) and compared them with a control group of 12 children (6-l7 y, $9.42{\pm}3.37$ y, male/female:8/4). We injected blood flow tracer $^{99m}Tc$-ethylcysteinate dimer (ECD) as a rCBF agent and took blood flow images after 30 min. by SPECT camera. In the case of hyperperfusion of rCBF in the ADHD group, we found 3 clusters clearly separated at the cingulate gyrus, Rt.cerebral occipital lobe and Lt.cerebellar post. lobe, on probability level 0.05 (P<0.05). Thirty-six ADHD patients with average hyperfusion rates between 18.72-19.30% in each cluster had more increase in blood flow than the average perfusion rate at the Rt. cerebral occipital lobe. These levels were influenced by P-value. In the case of hypoperfusion in the ADHD children, 4 decreased clusters on Lt. and Rt. cerebral frontal lobe, Lt. cerebral claustrum and Rt. cerebral, sup. temporal gyrus at P<0.01 can be seen. The average hypoperfusion rates for the ADHD children were 18.41-18.69% in each cluster, which showed more hypopefusion than the average perfusion rate at the Lt. Cerebrum inf. Frontal gyrus. The perfusion rates and the number of patients were not affected by P-value. The result of this study shows significant hyperpefusion clusters at the probability level of P:0.05 and hypoperfusion clusters at P:0.01. The number of ADHD patients in each clusters and the perfusion rate were not affected by P-value.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.14-20
• /
• 2006

In this study, the feasibility of simultaneous removal of organic materials and nitrogen in the waste-water from fisheries processing plant was evaluated using entrapped mixed microbial cell technique(EMMC) process. The experiment was performed using activated sludge from municipal sewage treatment plant which was immobilized with gel matrix by cellulose triacetate. It was found that the stable operation at the treatment system which is composed of anoxic and oxic tank, was possible when the organic and nitrogen loading rates were increased stepwise. The organic and nitrogen loading rates were applied from 0.65 to $1.72kgCOD/m^3/d$ and from 0.119 to $0.317kgT-N/m^3$ with four steps, respectively. The maximum nitrogen loading rate which could satisfy the regulated effluent standard of nitrogen concentration, was $0.3kgT-N/m^3/d$. The removal efficiency of total nitrogen was decreased apparently as increasing nitrogen loading rates, whereas the removal efficiency of ammonium nitrogen was effective at the all tested nitrogen loading rates. Therefore, it was concluded that nitrification was efficient at the system. Nitrate removal efficiency ranged from 98.62% to 99.51%, whereas the nitrification efficiency at the oxic tank ranged 94.0% to 96.9% at the tested loading rates. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and those of total nitrogen at the entire system ranged from 94.2% to 96.6% and 73.4% to 83.4%, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.90-94
• /
• 2013

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of earlier oocyte retrieval in IVF patients with a premature LH surge on hCG day. Methods: One hundred forty IVF patients (164 cycles) with premature LH surge on hCG day were included, retrospectively. We divided them into 2 study groups: LH surge with timed ovum pick-up (OPU) 36 hours after hCG injection (group B, 129 premature cycles), and LH surge with earlier OPU within 36 hours after hCG injection (group C, 35 cycles). Control groups were tubal factor infertility without premature LH surge (group A, 143 cycles). Results: The mean age (year) was statistically higher in group C than in groups A or B ($38.2{\pm}5.4$ vs. $36.2{\pm}4.2$ vs. $36.8{\pm}4.9$, respectively; p=0.012). The serum LH levels (mIU/mL) on hCG day were significantly higher in group B and C than in group A ($22.7{\pm}14.9$ vs. $30.3{\pm}15.9$ vs. $3.2{\pm}2.9$, respectively; p>0.001). Among groups A, B, and C, 4.9%, 31.7%, and 51.4% of the cycles, respectively, had no oocytes, and the overall rates of cycle cancellation (OPU cancellation, no oocyte, or no embryos transferrable) were 15.4%, 65.9%, and 74.3%, respectively. The fertilization rate (%) was significantly higher in group B than in group C ($73.2{\pm}38.9$ vs. $47.8{\pm}42.9$, p=0.024). The clinical pregnancy rate was significantly higher in group C than in groups A and B (44.4% vs. 27.3% vs. 9.1%, respectively, p=0.021). However, the miscarriage rate was also higher in group C than in group B (22% vs. 0%, respectively, p=0.026). Conclusion: Earlier OPU may not be effective in reducing the risk of cycle cancellation in patients with premature LH surge on hCG day. A larger scale study will be required to reveal the effectiveness of earlier ovum retrieval with premature LH surge.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.111-117
• /
• 2008

We estirmted the yearly and monthly variation in discharge from the Nakdong River Barrage. We studied the total monthly discharge, the mean daily discharge, and the maximum daily discharge based on the observational discharge data for the 11-year period 1996-2006. We also examined the correlation between the discharge and the meteorologiml factors that influence the river inflow. The results from this study are as follows. (1) The total monthly discharge for 11 years at the Nakdong River Barrage was $224,576.8{\times}10^6\;m^3$: The daily maximum was in 2003, with $56,292.3{\times}10^6\;m^3$. The largest daily mean release discharges occurred in August with $52,634.2{\times}10^6\;m^3$ (23.4% of the year), followed by July and September in that order with 23.1 and 17%, respectively. (2) The monthly pattern of discharge could be divided into the flood season for the period July-September (discharge =$1000{\times}10^6\;m^3$/day), the normal season from April to June and October (discharge=$300{\times}10^6\;m^3$/day), and the drought season from December to March (discharge < $300{\times}10^6\;m^3$/day). (3) Periods of high temperature, low evaporation loss, and short sunshine duration produced a much higher discharge in general. Conditions of low rainfall and high evaporation loss, as was the rose in 2003, tended to reduce the discharge, but high rainfall and low evaporation loss tended to increase the discharge as it did in 200l. (4) The dominant wind directions during periods of high discharge were NNE (15.5%), SW and SSW (13.1%), S(12.1%), and NE (10.8%) This results show that it run bring on accumulation of fresh water when northern winds are dominant, and it run flow out fresh water toward offslwre when southern winds are dominant.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
• /
• no.74
• /
• pp.23-31
• /
• 2006

(1) Kaeusetgul Cave in Kimnyong-Ri, Jeju-Do, Korea. Kaeuset-gul Cave (KC) is situated in NNE area of the Manjang-gul cave (125m a.s.l.). Kaeuset-gul Cave lies at $126^{\circ}45'22"$ E in longitude and $33^{\circ}33'09"$ N in latitude. The coast belong Kimnyeong-Ri, Kujwa-eup, Jeju-Do. Altitude of the cave-entrance is 10m and length of the cave is 90m. Lava hand-specimens of KC are studied by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). Average major chemical components of specimens from KC is as follows (wt.%); $SiO_2=47.03$, $TiO_2=3.16$, $Al_2O_3=18.41$, FeO*=13.53, MnO=0.14, MgO=5.05, CaO=8.66, $Na_2O=2.81$, $K_2O=0.67$, $P_2O_5=0.55$ in KC. Polarizing microscopic studyindicates that these specimens are described of alkali-basalt. (2) Tachibori Fuketsu (Cave) in Shizuoka Prefecture, Fuji Volcano, Japan Tachibori Fuketsu lies attoward the south in skirt of the Fuji volcano, $138^{\circ}42'04"$ east longitude and $35^{\circ}18'00"$ north latitude. The location of cave entrance is 2745, Awakura, Fujinomiya-shi, Shizuoka Prefecture. The above sea level and length of Tachibori Fuketsu are 1,170m and 82m. Average major chemical components of specimens from cave areas follows (Total 100 wt.%) ; ($SiO_2$=50.52, $TiO_2$=1.69, $Al_2O_3$=15.47, FeO*=13.13, MnO=0.20, MgO=5.97, CaO=9.17, $Na_2O$=2.52, $K_2O$=0.94 and $P_2O_5=0.40).$ Polarizing microscopic study indicates that these specimens may belong to tholeiite-basalt series. According to polarizing microscopic study, Au (Augite), P1 (Plagioclase), and O1 (Olivine) are contained as phenocryst minerals. (3) Gorely Cave in Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia Gorely caldera is located at the southeastern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, about 75km southwest of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy.. Gorely lava caves are situated in NHE area of Mt. Gorely volcano (1829m a.s.1.). One of lava cave (Go-9612=K-1) lies at $158^{\circ}00'22"$ east longitude and $52^{\circ}36'18"$ north latitude. The elevation of cave entrance is about 990m a.s.1. and the main cave extends in the NNW direction for about 50m by 15m wide and 5m in depth. The cave of K-3is near the K-1 cave. "@Lava hand-specimens K-1 and K-3 caves are studied by X-ray fluorescence analysis and polarizing microscopic observation. Average major chemical components of specimens from these caves are as follows (wt.%) ;($SiO_2$=55.12, $TiO_2$=1.25, $Al_2O_3$=16.07, T-FeO* =9.41, MnO=0.16, MgO=5.01, CaO=7.21, $Na_2O$=3.39, $K_2O$=1.92, $P_2O_5$=0.45) and these values indicate that the Gorely basaltic andesite belong to high alumina basalt. Polarizing microscopic study indicates that these specimens are described of Augite andesite.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.410-424
• /
• 2011

This study was investigated for the purpose of obtaining basic data which can be applied to processing of canned sea mussel using tomato paste. Shell were washed, and then steamed and shucked. Sea mussel meat was prepared with ratio of sea mussel 90g, tomato paste sauce 65g(tomato paste 42%, gum guar 1.0%, salt 2.0%, starch syrup 2.0%, cooking wine 1%, water 52%). The sea mussel meats were packed with vacuum seamer in 301-3 can, and then sterilized for various F0 value(F0 8-12 min.) in a steam system retort at $118^{\circ}C$. The factors such as pH, VBN, amino-N, total amino acid, free amino acid, chemical composition, color value (L, a, b), texture profile, TBA value, mineral, sensory evaluation and viable bacterial count of the canned sea mussel produced with various sterilization condition(F0 8-12 min.) were measured. The same element was also measured during preservation. The results showed that the product sterilized at F0 8 min. and preserved for 90 days were the most desirable.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.284-294
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the flora of habitats distributed with Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum populations in the South Korea. The vascular plants were surveyed 4 times from March 2009 to June 2010. The flora of studied area was listed as 214 taxa; 64 families, 142 genus, 181 species, 2 subspecies, 30 varieties, 1 forma. According to the specific plant species by classes, class I has 17 taxa; 15 families, 16 genus, 15 species, 2 varieties. Class II has 16 taxa; 13 families, 16 genus, 15 species, 2 varieties. Class III has 20 taxa; 16 families, 19 genus, 18 species, 2 varieties. Class III has 20 taxa; 16 families, 19 genus, 18 species, 2 varieties. Class IV has 23 taxa; 20 families, 23 genus, 19 species, 4 varieties. Class V has 2 taxa; 2 families, 2 genus, 2 species. Rare plant was 12 taxa; 9 families, 11 genus, 10 species, 2 varieties. Endemic plant was 21 taxa; 17 families, 19 genus, 18 species, 3 varieties. Endangered plant was not present in study area. It was considered that the ecosystem was probably stabilized for nothing of naturalized species and ecosystem disturbance species there. The characteristics of growth environments in the habitats with Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum were considered to be related to valley species and subalpine species such as Actinidia polygama, Cornus controversa, Rhododendron brachycarpum and Sorbus commixta.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.12-23
• /
• 2005

Cretaceous granitic rocks in the Waryongsan area occur as a stock and show compositional changes with altitude. They include mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) with various sizes and types. The MMEs present clear evidence of magma mingling such as supercooling zone, mantling texture and back veining. The granitic rocks are divided into porphyritic granite, porphyritic granodiorite and fined-grained granite by their petrographic characteristics and modal compositions. The MMEs are discriminated to quartzdioritie, quartzmonzodiorite and tonalite. They have varying areal proportions in each granitic rock-type: 10∼l5% in the porphyritic granite, about 50% in the porphyritic granodiorite, and about 20% in the fined-grained granite. SiO₂ contents shows compositional change of 61.2∼72.0wt.%. Mean SiO₂ contents have 61.7wt.% in the porphyritic granodiorite, 68.6wt.% in the porphyritic granite. and 71.9wt.% in the fined-grained granite, respectively. Major oxide contents of the granitic rocks linearly vary with SiO₂ contents from the porphyiritic granodiorite to the fine-grained granite on Harker diagrams. Linear compositional variations seem to have been caused by differential degrees of mingling between mafic magma and host granite. Where larger amount of mafic magma was injected into the host granitic magma, the two magmas reached to thermal equilibrium more quickly and eventually chemical mixing occurred to produce the composition of the porphyritic granodiorite. On the other hand. less amount of injected mafic magma would have been responsible for mechanical mixing to produce the compositions of the porphyritic granite and the fined-grained granite. Therefore, it is considered that the granitic rocks in the Waryongsan area experienced magmas mingling resulting from the injection of more mafic magma into differentiating granitic magma, and that the compositional changes of the granitic rocks were ascribed to the degree of mingling between the two magmas.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.42-48
• /
• 2016

In order to investigate the utilization of the Omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) extract as a natural coagulant for manufacturing soybean curd, the quality characteristics of white (Baktae) and black (Seoritae) soybean curds, coagulated by the Omija extract or $MgCl_2$, were evaluated. Crude protein ($6.14{\pm}0.30$ and $6.25{\pm}0.18%$, respectively) and crude lipid ($10.86{\pm}1.74$ and $11.29{\pm}1.69%$, respectively) contents of white and black soybean curds coagulated using the Omija extract were higher than those coagulated using $MgCl_2$. Black soybean curds coagulated using the Omija extract showed higher L, a, and b values than those using $MgCl_2$. The most abundant amino acid in white and black soybean curds coagulated using the Omija extract was arginine (3.74 and 3.71 mg/100 g, dry basis, respectively). The amounts of Ca, K, Mg, and Na were the highest in both soybean curds prepared with the Omija extract. The sensory evaluation (color, flavor, taste, texture, and overall preference) showed that white and black soybean curds coagulated using the Omija extract were more preferred than those produced using $MgCl_2$. The results suggested that using the Omija extract as a natural coagulant agent could improve the quality and sensory characteristics of soybean curds.