• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.776-783
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• 2021

Objective : The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for distal adding on (AO) or distal junctional kyphosis (DJK) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) treated by posterior spinal fusion (PSF) to L3 with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Methods : AIS patients undergoing PSF to L3 by two senior surgeons from 2000-2010 were analyzed. Distal AO and DJK were deemed poor radiographic results and defined as >3 cm of deviation from L3 to the center sacral vertical line (CSVL), or >10° angle at L3-4 on the posterior anterior- or lateral X-ray at ultimate follow-up. New stable vertebra (SV) and neutral vertebra (NV) scores were defined for this study. The total stability (TS) score was the sum of the SV and NV scores. Results : Ten of 76 patients (13.1%) were included in the poor radiographic outcome group. The other 66 patients were included in the good radiographic outcome group. Lower Risser grade, more SV-3 (CSVL doesn't touch the lowest instrumented vertebra [LIV]) on standing and side bending films, lesser NV and TS score, rigid L3-4 disc, more rotation and deviation of L3 were identified risk factors for AO or DJK. Age, number of fused vertebrae, curve correction, preoperative coronal/sagittal L3-4 disc angle did not differ significantly between the two groups. Multiple logistic regression results indicated that preoperative Risser grade 0, 1 (odds ratio [OR], 1.8), SV-3 at L3 in standing and side benders (OR, 2.1 and 2.8, respectively), TS score -5, -6 at L3 (OR, 4.4), rigid disc at L3-4 (OR, 3.1), LIV rotation >15° (OR, 2.9), and LIV deviation >2 cm from CSVL (OR, 2.2) were independent predictive factors. Although there was significant improvement of the of Scoliosis Research Society-22 average scores only in the good radiographic outcome group, there was no significant difference in the scores between the groups. Conclusion : The prevalence of AO or DJK at ultimate follow-up for AIS with LIV at L3 was 13.1%. To prevent AO or DJK following fusion to L3, we recommend that the CSVL touch L3 in both standing and side bending, TS score is -4 or less, the L3/4 disc is flexible, L3 is neutral (<15°) and ≤2 cm from the midline and the patient is ≥ Risser 2.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.666-672
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• 2008

Feasibility of simultaneous removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus was evaluated by applying AO$_2$ system to treat wastewater from a seafood processing plant. Treatability test was conducted by incorporating activated sludge from municipal sewage treatment plant with PU-AC media. Inflow concentrations of COD, TN, and TP were 198$\sim$1,240 mg/L, 75$\sim$577.4 mg/L, and 2.2$\sim$53.5 mg/L, respectively. Average removal efficiencies and outflow concentration of COD, TN, and TP were 86.5%, 65.7 mg/L; 81.4%, 53.1 mg/L; and 80.6% 4.07 mg/L, respectively. Stable operation was possible by increasing organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus loading rate to seafood wastewater treatment system composed of anaerobic and aerobic reactors. Used PU-AC media was proved to be biodegradable in this AO$_2$ system by maintaining high biomass concentration in the PU-AC media.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.487-494
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• 2003

In this research, water qualities of river water and bank-filtrate were compared for six months including winter season. The location studied was Galjon area, the downstream of the Nakdong river. The well for bank-filtrate was installed 40 m apart from riverside. Main analytic results of bank-filtrate and river water were summarized as followings; the average concentrations in bank-filtrate were turbidity 0.8NTU, TN 0.4mg/l, $BOD_5$, 0.1mg/l, $KMnO_4$ consumption 1.6mg/l, heterotrophic bacteria 350cfu/ml, Fe 0.5mg/l, Mn 0.99mg/l while the average concentrations in river water were turbidity 6.1NTU, TN 3.9mg/l, $BOD_5$, 3.6mg/l, $KMnO_4$ consumption 11mg/l, heterotrophic bacteria 1,640cfu/ml, Fe 0.28mg/l, Mn 0.04mg/l. Water quality of bank-filtrate was mostly shown a good results than it of river water excepting Fe and Mn. In even basic constituents such as water temperature and pH, bank-filtrate was very settled while river water was extraordinary changable and high. In case of nitrogen, especially, total nitrogen of river water was 3.9mg/l while it of bank-filtrate was 0.4mg/l and its reduction was very high. The reason is that $NH^+_4-N$ among total nitrogen in the river water is nitrified and then denitrified in soil layer when it is pumped up as bank-filtrate. But Fe and Mn caused by the characteristics of soil was very high in bank-filtrate while Mn in river water was particularly very low and settled. As the distance between riverside and well was longer, concentration of Fe and Mn may be went up while its bacteria may be reduced.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 1997

This study was conducted to establish mass propagation system from the tissue culture using immature embryos in Eleutherococcus senticosus. Immature embryos from seeds were removed under the microscope and placed on MS, $MSB_5\;and\;B_5$ medium containing several plant growth regulators. While the calli were well formed on media containing 2 mg/l of 2, 4-D, 2 mg/l of 2, 4-D and 0.7 mg/l of TDZ, shoot regeneration was better on MS medium with combinations of high concentrations of TDZ and low concentrations of 2, 4-D. Treatment of 2, 4-D alone was better than treatment of TDZ alone in callus induction, but plant regeneration was reversed. The results of callus formation and shoot regeneration on $MSB_5\;and\;B_5$ media were similar to those of MS media. The rate of callus formation was nearly 100% when 2, 4-D was added to $B_5$, medium on concentration of 2 mg/l or 0.7 mg/l. TDZ showed very significant effect on the formation of multiple shoots.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.585-589
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• 1994

The complexation of cadmium(II) with a well characterized local soil fulvic acid was investigated at different solution pH and fulvic acid concentration using ion selective electrode. The stability constants were determined using a continuous distribution model based on Scatchard Plot; this model takes into consideration the diversitv of cation binding sites on a naturally occurring organic macromolecules even if the nature of the binding sites may not be known. The mean value of $logKi(\mu)$ was found to increase at higher pH(pH 4.0: ${\mu}=3.79{\pm}0.74$ l\;mol^{-1}; pH 6.0: ${\mu}=4.51{\pm}0.78$ l\;mol^{-1}$), and in more dilute fulvic acid concentration([FA] = 50 mgl$^{-1}: {\mu}=4.16{\pm}0.60$ l\;mol^{-1}; [FA]=151 mgl$^{-1}:{\mu}=3.75{\pm}0.5\;l\;mol^{-1}$). The intrinsic constant(logKint) for binding at the strongest site was measured to be around $4.72\;l\;mol^{-1}$ at both pH4.0 and 5.0, but was found to be increased to $6.03\;l\;mol^{-1}$ when pH was 6.0.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 2009

Investigation of antioxidative constituents from the ethanol extract of Quercus gilva branches led to the identification of four compounds; catechin (1), epi-catechin (2), tyrosol (3) and tiliroside (4). The antioxidative activity was examined using DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging method. The isolated compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4 exhibited 94.2 %, 93.4 %, 33.6 % and 11.2 % scavenging activities respectively against DPPH radicals at the concentration of $100{\mu}L$/mL. As well, the compounds $1{\sim}4$ showed respectively 60.2 %, 35.1 %, 20.6 %, 4.5 % inhibition activities against superoxide anion radicals at $200{\mu}L$/mL. Interestingly, the compounds $1{\sim}4$ were isolated for the first time from Quercus gilva Blume.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.263-267
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• 2003

물만 주입한 1군과 물-토양을 주입한 2군, 물-ORC를 주입한 3군, 물-토양-ORC를 전부 주입한 4군의 4개군으로 조건을 차별화하여 2$0^{\circ}C$ 항온 OER시험을 실시하였다. 1군은 약4mg/L, 2군은 3mg/L, 3군은 12~13mg/L, 4군은 11~12mg/L의 DO를 나타내었다. ORC를 투여하지 않은 1군과 2군은 2$0^{\circ}C$ 용존산소 포화선인 Bmg/L에 크게 못미치는 것으로 나타났고 ORC를 투여한 3군과 4군은 포화선보다 3~4mg/L 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 토양을 주입한 2군과 4군에서는 토양 미생물의 영향을 받아 DO가 감소하나 ORC를 투입한 4군에서는 그 영향이 미미하게 나타난다. TCE 분해능 시험은 15$^{\circ}C$에서 항온으로 30일간 시험하였다. 초기 농도 5000ppb가 30일 경과 후 약 4000ppb로 약20%의 분해율을 나타내었고, 메탄을 첨가했을 때 더 잘 분해됨을 보여주었다.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2008

In this study, biological PCE degradation by using a BTEX degrading bacterium, named BJ10, under aerobic conditions in the presence of toluene was examined. According to morphological, physiological characteristics, 16S rDNA sequencing and fatty acid analysis, BJ10 was classified as Pseudomonas putida. As a result of biological PCE degradation at low PCE concentrations (5 mg/L), PCE removal efficiency by P. putida BJ10 was 52.8% for 10 days, and PCE removal rate was 5.9 nmol/hr (toluene concentration 50 mg/L, initial cell density 1.0 g (wet weight)/L, temperature 30, pH 7 and DO $3.0{\sim}4.2\;mg/L$. At high PCE concentration (100 mg/L), PCE removal efficiency by P. putida BJ10 was 20.3% for 10 days, and PCE removal rate was 46.0 nmol/hr under the same conditions. The effects of various toluene concentration (5, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/L) on PCE degradation were examined under the same incubation conditions. The highest PCE removal efficiency of PCE was 57.0% in the initial PCE concentration of 10 mg/L in the presence of 200 mg/L toluene for 10 days. Furthermore, the additional injection of 5.5 mg/L PCE (total 7.6 mg/L) made 63.0% degradation for 8 days in the presence of 50 mg/L toluene under the same conditions. Its removal rate was 13.5 nmol/hr, which was better than the initial removal rate (8.1 nmol/hr).

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.149-152
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to obtain the optimal liquid culture conditions for the mycelial growth and the polysaccharide production of Tricholoma matsutake. For the mycelial growth and polysaccharide production, the synthetic medium was optimized with containing glucose 40 g/L, yeast extract 30 g/L, $KH_2PO_4$ 1.5 g/L and $MgSO_4.7H_2O$ 1 g/L. The effects of agitation and aeration were investigated for the cell growth and the polysaccharide production in batch culture. The biomass and polysaccharide concentrations were 21.87 g/L at 150 rpm and 8.86 g/L at 300 rpm, respectively. And the biomass concentration and the polysaccharide production were 20.85 g/L at 0.5 vvm and 8.83 g/L at 1.5 vvm, respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2004

Callus induction and somatic embryogenesis are fundamental to cotton tissue culture biotechnology. An efficient protocol for callus induction, somatic embryogenesis and their maturation have been developed to regenerate plantlets from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) variety coker 312. Embryogenic callus was initiated from hypo-cotyl region that was used as an explant at seedling stage when it was about 7-8 days old. Callus induction was achieved through culturing hypocotyls (5-7mm) on $MS_{1a} medium supplemented with 2,4-D (0.1 mg/L) and KT (0.5 mg/L) for six weeks. A friable, colorless, bulky and well proliferating callus becomes greenish with the addition of NAA (2.0 mg/L), ZT (0.1 mg/L) and removal of 2,4-D (M $S_{1b}$) cultured for two weeks then again transferred to $MS_{1a}. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) promoted the proliferation of embryogenic callus, but had a negative effect on the differentiation and germination of somatic embryos. ZT (0.1mg/L) and activated charcoal (2g/L), both hormones play an important role in differentiation and germination of somatic embryos in hypocotyls derived embryogenic callus but in case of cotton, such a capability have been observed on MS medium with 1.92 g/L $KNO_3$, but it is considered to attain somewhat more improvement. High embryogenesis frequency was achieved through nutrient deficient stress treatment. The frequency of globular embryogenesis (two-three folds) was achieved when well proliferating callus was (from $MS_{1a}$ media) cultured on MS (1/5 strength) medium for four weeks. Here the development of anthocyanins is the best indicator for somatic embryogenesis. However, when embryoid callus was cultured on MS (full strength) medium, the globular embryos were developed into normal plantlets immediately. In this procedure 27.49% cotyledenary embryos were developed. Of that 70% cotyledenary embryos were developed not only into normal plantlets but rooted simultaneously, when cultured on MS (with 0.05 mgg/L giberrelic acid) medium. So complete plants could be regenerated through somatic embryogenesis from hypocotyl explants within 6 months.s.