• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.994-1001
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• 2012

Quality changes of pre-processed garlic, peeled and chopped, were analyzed during storage at $-18^{\circ}C$ or $2^{\circ}C$ for 30 days and at $20^{\circ}C$ for 3 days only for chopped garlic. As storage time increased, Hunter L values decreased and a, b values increased, indicating browning regardless of the pre-process type and storage temperature. Decay and sprouting rates of peeled garlic during storage at $2^{\circ}C$ significantly increased while those of peeled garlic were maintained during storage at $-18^{\circ}C$. Weight loss of peeled garlic during storage was greater at $-18^{\circ}C$ than at $2^{\circ}C$. Hardness of peeled garlic rapidly decreased by half from 1.04 kg to 0.58 kg by freezing, and it did not significantly change during the storage period. Viable numbers of total aerobic bacteria of peeled and chopped garlic did not significantly change during the storage period at $2^{\circ}C$ but were reduced at $-18^{\circ}C$. Total aerobic bacterial count of chopped garlic stored at $20^{\circ}C$ slightly increased during the storage period. Pyruvic acid content of chopped garlic was almost 2.5 times higher than that of peeled garlic at the initial stage (463.87 ${\mu}mol/g$ and 190.52 ${\mu}mol/g$, respectively). As storage time increased, pyruvic acid content of peeled garlic increased while that of chopped garlic decreased. These results indicate that pre-process type and storage temperature affected the quality changes of garlic during storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.344-352
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a daily regimen of green vegetable drink supplementation to male subjects improves the blood pressure and enhances other antioxidant enzyme status, lipid profiles and liver functionalities. Twenty nonsmokers and 19 smokers aged $23{\sim}60$ were given 240 mL of green vegetable drink every day for 8 weeks in addition to their normal diet, and blood samples were drawn before and after the intervention. The 8 weeks of green vegetable drink consumption resulted in a significant decrease of diastolic blood pressure in smokers (p<0.05) as well as in nonsmokers (p<0.01), and systolic blood pressure in smokers (p<0.05). Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly increased in both nonsmokers and smokers after the trials. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) level was decreased in smokers and plasma TC and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were decreased in nonsmokers while triglyceride (TG) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) was not affected in both nonsmokers and smokers by green vegetable drink consumption. Plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), a marker of liver function was significantly reduced in both nonsmokers and smokers and plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) level was significantly reduced in nonsmokers after the supplementation. These results support the hypothesis that green vegetable drink exerts a blood pressure reducing effect and affects not only the activity of antioxidant enzymes, lipid profiles but also plasma GOT and/or GPT levels.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.718-724
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• 1999

This study was investigated the changes of the properties of matter such as the gel formation of the combined fish based on the mixed rate between the ocean jumbo squid and Alaska pollock surimi, and compared the relationships between the gel formation and water holding capacity. The changes of the gel formation based on 20 min fish grinding time and $2.5\%$ salt concentration according to the mixed rate was thought as the optimal addition limit. There was no significant function of gel product more than $20\%$ Jumbo squid meat. The more squid meat in the mixed meat could make the lower breaking stress but 7:3 rate of pollock : squid could retain breaking strain. The effect of the moisture content on mixed fish meat was studied and the drastic decrease of the gel formation and water holding capacity was indicated in $78\%$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted to construct process models to estimate grain weight (GW) and grain nitrogen content (GN) in rice. A model was developed to describe the dynamic pattern of GW and GN during grain-filling period considering their relationships with temperature, solar radiation and growth traits such as LAI, shoot dry-weight, shoot nitrogen content, grain number during grain filling. Firstly, maximum grain weight (GWmax) and maximum grain nitrogen content (GNmax) equation was formulated in relation to Accumulated effective temperature (AET) ${\times}$ Accumulated radiation (AR) using boundary line analysis. Secondly, GW and GN equation were created by relating the difference between GW and GWmax and the difference between GN and GNmax, respectively, with growth traits. Considering the statistics such as coefficient of determination and relative root mean square of error and number of predictor variables, appropriate models for GW and GN were selected. Model for GW includes GWmax determined by AET ${\times}$ AR, shoot dry weight and grain number per unit land area as predictor variables while model for GN includes GNmax determined by AET ${\times}$ AR, shoot N content and grain number per unit land area. These models could explain the variations of GW and GN caused not only by variations of temperature and solar radiation but also by variations of growth traits due to different sowing date, nitrogen fertilization amount and row spacing with relatively high accuracy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.561-572
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• 2008

Currently, Korea is facing dramatic nutrition transition among children, which may increase risk of degenerative diseases due to excessive intakes of fats, sugars and sodium. Promotion of eating healthier foods among children is difficult because the present nutrition label is not easily understood. Therefore, to promote healthier foods this study was aimed at developing guidance of standard amounts of high, medium and low levels of sugars, sodium, fats and other components contained in foods or drinks that are promoted to or formulated for consumption by children. Multipronged approach was used to collecting information, including key word searches in Medline and other databases, internet searches, reports from world organization, and contact of key individuals who work in organizations. We reviewed dietary reference intakes for Koreans, nutrient reference values, nutrient content claims of nutrition labeling, guideline daily amounts of United Kingdom, dietary guidelines and consumption data of nutrients, and selected components for labeling. And we decided goals of guideline daily amounts for children and nutrient criteria to underpin the high, medium and low content of each component. Then we collected data on processed foods sold at 12 middle schools and 11 high schools in Seoul, and classified processed foods into food category. Sales per one student per day were in the order of snacks, breads, and non-carbonated drinks. One hundred forty five mostly consumed products were selected and classified into criteria of high, medium and low total fat or sodium. Eighty five(58.6%) were classified into high fat food and only 11(7.6%) into high sodium food, in case that the base is chosen per 100 g or 100 mL. In conclusion, the nutrient criteria and choice of 100 g base, which we suggest in this study, need to be tested by simulation with more processed foods and refined in view of the practical issues suggested by stakeholders in future.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2010

Most pesticides are poorly soluble in water and must be dissolved in a solvent carrier before being added to the test medium on aquatic toxicity test. The concentration of solvent is critical to the success of a test. This study were conducted to recommend possible organic solvents which have good solubility for pesticides and low toxicity to Korean native water flea to establish new standard toxicity test methods using Korean native water flea for ecological risk assessment of pesticide. Four Korean freshwater cladocerans, Daphnia obtusa, Daphnia sp., Moina macrocopa and Simocephalus vetulus were exposed to 10 different organic solvents during 48 hours to evaluate their toxic response to solvents. Ethyl acetate was the most toxic to cladocerans tested. Although ethyl ether was the least toxic to cladocerans tested, it may not adequate as possible solvent in aquatic toxicity test due to high volatility and low water solubility. In conclusion, acetone, methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile which has low toxicity as well as good water solubility are recommended as optimal organic solvent to use in aquatic toxicity tests with Korean native cladocerans tested.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 2000

Purpose : We observed response to PPD skin test and local side reactions among subjects who received inoculation with Tokyo 172 BCG strain by percutaneous method using multiple puncture device. Methods : 138 infants and young children were enrolled at Yongdong Severance Hospital and 7 private clinics. 5TU PPD skin test were performed at 4 months after inoculation. The local reactions at multiple puncture site were observed in 3 days, 4~6 weeks, 36 weeks, and 48 weeks after inoculations and physical check up was done for evaluation of lymphadenopathy. Results : During 48 weeks of observation period, 96 subjects among 138 who were enrolled were followed up completely with records of PPD skin test and observation of local side reactions, presenting with the photos. The size of the induration after 48 hours of PPD skin test, was less than 5mm in six subjects(6.3%), greater than 10mm in sixty seven subjects(70.0%) and greater than 12mm in forty six subjects(47.9%). All subjects showed inflammatory reaction and pustules at multiple puncture sites and only just small papules, ulcer and pustules remained 4-6 weeks later. Eight to twelve weeks later, all local inflammatory skin reactions disappeared with remaining crust. After 48 weeks, 4(4.2%) subjects showed no scar with only faint stain on the puncture site. More than 70% of subjects showed more than 10 faint pin-point scars on the sites. However, the size of scar was clearly smaller compared to that of intradermal inoculation. There were no cases of lymphadenopathy. Conclusion : We observed good immune response to 5TU PPD skin test among the infant and young children who were immunized with percutanous inoculation of Tokyo 172 BCG strain. We could not find any severe local scar at inoculation sites. A degree of satisfaction of the parents whose children received the percutaneous injection was very high.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2007

Purpose : The normal flora, which was suggested to prevent infection, is acquired first from the birth canal and develops by dietary factors. Here presents a case-control study, aimed to evaluate the postnatal acquisition factors relating to the achievement of the normal flora in infants with urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods : 115 UTI infants, admitted at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital from 2004 to 2005 and 116 age-matched control infants, who had visited well baby clinic, were evaluated. The suggested postnatal acquisition factors of the normal flora such as vaginal delivery, breast feeding, probiotics and yogurt intake and their relationship with UTI were evaluated. Results : The rate of vaginal delivery was 50%(58/l15) in UTI infants, which was not significantly different from 60%(69/116) in control infants(P>0.05). In the infants with UTI, the feeding pattern(breast milk 19%, mixed 26%, formula 55%) was significantly different from that(44%, 19%, 37%) in control infants(P<0.05). This significant difference was shown only in infants less than 6 months of age, but was not in infants over 6 months of age. The rate of probiotics intake in UTI infants was 4%(4/115), which was significantly lower than 27% (32/116) in control infants(P<0.05). The rate of regular intake of yogurt in UTI infants over 6 months of age was 27%(6/23), which was not significantly different from 35%(8/23) in control infants(P>0.05). The odds ratios of breast feeding and probiotics intake against UTI were significantly low as 0.30 (95% Cl 0.17-0.55)(P<0.01) and 0.03 (95% Cl 0.01-0.07)(P<0.01). Conclusion : The significantly lower rates of breast feeding and probiotics intake in UTI infants suggest that these dietary factors might have preventive effects in infants with UTI.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.159-165
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• 1997

This paper presents the optimum dimension of 89 ton class stow-net vessel with stern-fishing. The model of basic design is developed by using the optimization techniques referring to objective function and numerous constraints as follows; speed, fishing quantity, fishing days, catch per unit effort(CPUE), and weight/ratio of main dimensions, etc. Thus, the basic design of stow-net fishing vessel is built up by using the optimization of the design variables called the economic optimization criteria, and the objective function represents the criterion which is cost benefit ratio(CBR). The main conclusions are as follows. 1. S/W for decision of optimum hull size is developed in 89 ton class stow-net fishing vessel which is constructed with optimization of the design variables called the economic optimization criteria. 2. For optimum ship dimensions in 89 ton class stow-net fishing vessel, the hull dimensions can be obtained in the range of L= 27.3m, B = 6.6m, D = 2.80m, Cb = 0.695, T/D = 0.80, $\Delta$(displacement)=281.7ton with 10 knots.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.624-631
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• 2006

This study was conducted to make clustering analysis based on major physicochemical characteristics related to palatability of cooked rice. 89 Korea-bred japonica rice cultivars could be largely classified into two groups, that is, Dongjinbyeo and Ilpumbyeo groups. The Ilpumbyeo group was divided into two subgroups; Ilpumbyeo and Chucheongbyeo groups. The two major rice groups showed significant difference in viscogram properties of rice flour. Ilpumbyeo group revealed slightly higher estimates of viscogram traits as compared with Dongiinbyeo group in average. Early-maturing rice group showed slighly lower estimates of taste meter and higher protein content compared with medium or medium late maturing ones. Also, early and medium-maturing groups exhibited slightly higher estimates of peak, hot and breakdown viscosities but lower estimates of consistenency and setback viscosities compared with medium-late-maturing one. The rice cultivars developed in 2000's revealed slightly higher estimates of peak, hot, cool and consistency viscosities compared with those in $1980's{\sim}1990's$. The grain quality properties significantly associated with the esimates of Toyo taste meter were protein and amylose contents and hot viscosity. The lower protein content and hot viscosity and the higher amylose content, the higher estimates of the taster meter. The protein content was highly negatively correlated with amylose content of milled rice. The important quality components contributed to multiple regression formula for estimating the Toyo taster meter values were protein content, alkali digestion value, and hot viscosity. The fittness of this formula was about 49% along with the coefficients of determination.