• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2014

SPLITT fractionation (SF) allows continuous (and thus a preparative scale) separation of micronsized particles into two size fractions ('fraction-a' and 'fraction-b'). SF is usually carried out in a thin rectangular channel with two inlets and two outlets, which is equipped with flow stream splitters at the inlet and the outlet of the channel, respectively. A new large scale splitter-less gravitational SF (GSF) system had been assembled, which was designed to eliminate the flow stream splitters and thus is operated by the full feed depletion (FFD) mode (FFD-GSF). In the FFD mode, there is only one inlet through which the sample is fed. There is no carrier liquid fed into the channel, and thus prevents the sample dilution. The effects of the sample-feeding flow rate, the channel thickness on the fractionation efficiency (FE, number % of particles that have the size predicted by theory) of FFD-GSF was investigated using industrial polyurethane (PU) latex beads. The carrier liquid was water containing 0.1% FL-70 (particle dispersing agent) and 0.02% sodium azide (used as bactericide). The sample loading rate was varied from about 4 to 7 L/hr with the sample concentration fixed at 0.01%. The GSF channel thickness was varied from 900 to $1300{\mu}m$. Particles exiting the GSF channel were collected and monitored by optical microscopy (OM). Sample recovery was monitored by collecting the fractionated particles on a $0.45{\mu}m$ membrane filter. It was found that FE of fraction-a was increased as the channel thickness increases, and FE of fraction-b was increased as the flow rate was increased. In all cases, the sample recovery has higher than 95%. It seems the new splitter-less FFD GSF system could become a useful tool for large scale separations of various types of micron-sized particles.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.111-118
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to determine the biological activities of Sorglum bicolor extracts. Organic fractions, including n-Hexane, EtOAc, and n-BuOH fractions were obtained from the methanol extract of Sorglum bicolor M.. In DPPH radical scavenging activity, $SC_{50}$ values of methanol extract and EtOAc fraction were exhibited $0.66{\pm}0.26{\mu}g/mL$ and $1.03{\pm}0.02{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Contents of total polyphenol and flavonoids in EtOAc fraction, which were much higher than those of other fractions, were 58.12 mg/g and 4.79 mg/g respectively. Also, effects of reducing power was strongly showed in EtOAc fraction. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase and ${\alpha}$-amlyase inhibition activities were showed the higher effect in D.W. fraction ($2.83{\mu}g/mL$, $36.64{\mu}g/mL$). In MTT assay in the AGS, HT29 and HCT116 cell lines were significantly higher in the n-BuOH fraction than in the other fractions at $50{\mu}g/mL$ concentration of extracts.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.287-296
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine effects of fermented brown seaweed waste (FBSW) on milk production, composition and physiological responses as functional feed for 60 days in Holstein dairy cows. A total of 24 Holstein dairy cows (average age 49.33 months, average lactation days 175, Reproduction 2.0) were randomly allocated into control(basal diet), 1% FBSW (180g in basal diet) and 2% FBSW (360g in basal diet) groups with 8 replications for 60 days. Daily milk yield and composition (fat, protein, SNF, MUN) were not affected by FBSW supplementation, but Ca level in milk was significantly increased 4.29 mg/dl and 2.91 mg/dl in 1% and 2% groups compared to control group (p<0.05) at the end of the experiment, respectively. The somatic cell count (SCC) in milk was not significant. The plasma $T_4$ level (concentration) were increased in 1% and 2% FBSW compared to control group at the end of the experiment (p<0.05), but between triiodothyronine ($T_3$) and thyroxin ($T_4$) levels were not significant. Concentrations of plasma glucose in control, 1% FBSW and 2% FBSW groups were 64. 37mg/dl, 66.15mg/dl and 73.02 mg/dl and plasma NEFA level was 0.30~0.32 mEq/dl. Concentrations of BUN tended to be higher for FBSW group than control group. Although WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, T-B, ALP, and GPT levels were not affected by FBSW supplementation, GOT level was significantly decreased in cows fed 1% FBSE diet compared to control group (P<0.05). Therefore we strongly suggest that the 1% FBSW supplementation in basal diet increases the milk yield and Ca level in Holstein dairy cows.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.169-179
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• 2017

Background: Ginsenosides are the main pharmacological components of Panax ginseng root, which are thought to be primarily responsible for the suppressing effect on oxidative stress. Methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorption capacity were applied to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the ginsenosides. Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells were incubated with ginsenosides extracted by pulsed electric field (PEF) and solvent cold soak extraction (SCSE) for 24 h and then the injury was induced by $40{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$. The cell viability and surface morphology of HEK-293 cells were studied using MTS assay and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate fluorescent probe assay was used to measure the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The intracellular antioxidant activities of ginsenosides were evaluated by cellular antioxidant activity assay in HepG2 cells. Results: The PEF extracts displayed the higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and stronger oxygen radical absorption capacity (with an oxygen radical absorption capacity value of $14.48{\pm}4.04{\mu}M\;TE\;per\;{\mu}g/mL$). The HEK-293 cell model also suggested that the protective effect of PEF extracts was dose-dependently greater than SCSE extracts. Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay further proved that PEF extracts are more active (8% higher than SCSE extracts) in reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images showed that the HEK-293 cells, which were treated with PEF extracts, maintained more intact surface morphology. Cellular antioxidant activity values indicated that ginsenosides extracted by PEF had stronger cellular antioxidant activity than SCSE ginsenosides extracts. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the antioxidative effect of ginsenosides extracted by PEF in vitro. Furthermore, rather than SCSE, PEF may be more useful as an alternative extraction technique for the extraction of ginsenosides with enhanced antioxidant activity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.45-63
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• 2019

In view of the growing industrial use of Bacterial cellulose (BC), and taking into account that it might become airborne and be inhaled after industrial processing, assessing its potential pulmonary toxic effects assumes high relevance. In this work, the murine model was used to assess the effects of exposure to respirable BC nanofibrils (nBC), obtained by disintegration of BC produced by Komagataeibacter hansenii. Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages ($BMM{\Phi}$) were treated with different doses of nBC (0.02 and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively 1 and $10{\mu}g$ of fibrils) in absence or presence of 0.2% Carboxymethyl Cellulose (nBCMC). Furthermore, mice were instilled intratracheally with nBC or nBCMC at different concentrations and at different time-points and analyzed up to 6 months after treatments. Microcrystaline $Avicel-plus^{(R)}$ CM 2159, a plant-derived cellulose, was used for comparison. Markers of cellular damage (lactate dehydrogenase release and total protein) and oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxidase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity) as well presence of inflammatory cells were evaluated in brochoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. Histological analysis of lungs, heart and liver tissues was also performed. BAL analysis showed that exposure to nBCMC or CMC did not induce major alterations in the assessed markers of cell damage, oxidative stress or inflammatory cell numbers in BAL fluid over time, even following cumulative treatments. $Avicel-plus^{(R)}$ CM 2159 significantly increased LDH release, detected 3 months after 4 weekly administrations. However, histological results revealed a chronic inflammatory response and tissue alterations, being hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries (observed 3 months after nBCMC treatment) of particular concern. These histological alterations remained after 6 months in animals treated with nBC, possibly due to foreign body reaction and the organism's inability to remove the fibers. Overall, despite being a safe and biocompatible biomaterial, BC-derived nanofibrils inhalation may lead to lung pathology and pose significant health risks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 2011

Korean traditional rice wine, Makgeolli, has been widely consumed with increasing popularity in Korea. Also, there has been an increase in the varieties of Makgeolli for the younger generation. In this study, we examined the physicochemical and microbial properties of Makgeolli supplemented with cucumber during fermentation. Four hundred grams of cucumbers (20% of the total amount of rice) were grinded and added to the rice solution (2 kg rice and 3.12 L distilled water) along with the Nuruk (40 g) and yeast (14 g). After mixing the solution, it was fermented for six days in a water bath ($28^{\circ}C$). During the fermentation, the pH value of the cucumber Makgeolli fell from 5.88 to 3.94 on day-1, and steadily increased to a pH value of 4.48 by day-6. The total acidity of the cucumber Makgeolli sharply increased from 0.02 to 0.20% on day-1, and then slowly increased thereafter to 0.28% by day-6. After the 6-day fermentation, the L values of the control and the cucumber Makgeolli were similar. The total viable cell, lactic acid bacteria and yeast count of the control and the cucumber Makgeolli increased considerably after the 6-day fermentation process. Free sugar analysis showed that glucose contents decreased with increasing fermentation periods. The succinic acid content was the highest among all the organic acids. Thirty-nine volatile compounds were observed on the final day of fermentation in the cucumber Makgeolli.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.987-993
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• 1996

This study was attempted to prepare milk and soymilk containing high number of viable cells of bifidobacteria during the fermentation as well as to establish the optimum condition for bacteria growth. Activity of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}-galactosidase$ produced by bifidobacteria was also determined. Milk and soymilk inoculated with Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 were incubated in a nitrogen-carbon dioxide atmosphere at $37^{\circ}C$ for two days. and time courses of pH, acidity, viable cells and effect of growth factors were determined. After two days, pH of milk gradually decreased from 6.81 to 4.84 and pH of soymilk changed from 7.02 to 3.89. The viable cell numbers of bifidobacteria increased constantly in soymilk, while bacterial growth in milk appeared to be delayed after storage of two days. Both of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activities were detected in soymilk, but activity of ${\beta}-galactosidase$ was predominant in milk. Fucosyllactose appeared to be a good growth factor in soymilk. During the fermentation of milk, L-cysteine HCl enhanced growth of bifidobacteria at the early stage and fucosyllactose was a good growth factor in the propagations of bifidobacteria from middle stage.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

The aim of this study is to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of the water extract of Aurantii fructus immaturus (WAF), in diabetic models using enzyme, cells and mice, and to suggest a putative mechanism explaining its antidiabetic effect. In an enzyme model using the enzyme α-glucosidase, WAF had no significant effect on α-glucosidase, as compared with acarbose, an antidiabetic drug. Nonetheless, WAF was capable of reducing the blood glucose levels during oral sucrose tolerance test and oral glucose tolerance test, implying that there would be other antidiabetic pathways in no relation to inhibition of α-glucosidase. In cell models using RIN-m5f β-cells and L6 myotubes, WAF, at its non-cytotoxic doses, augmented the secretion of insulin in RIN-m5f β-cells stimulated with 5 mM glucose. In addition, it enhanced the cellular uptake of glucose in L6 myotubes stimulated with deprivation of glucose for 12 h. Therefore, it is most likely that WAF may exert its antidiabetic effects, at least in part, by enhancing insulin secretion and glucose uptake. Meanwhile, in diabetic mice induced with peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ), WAF significantly improved fast blood glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, body weight loose, blood pressure, and diabetic adverse effects on functions of the kidney and the liver. Taken together, the water extract of Aurantii fructus immaturus may ameliorate diabetes in mice injected with STZ, at least in part, by enhancing insulin secretion and glucose uptake.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.172-183
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• 1999

Background: Nitric oxide is a short-lived effector molecule derived from L-arginine by the nitric oxide synthase(NOS). Nitric oxide plays a role in a number of physiologic and pathophysiologic functions including host defense, edema formation, and regulation of smooth muscle tone. Some kinds of cells including macrophage are known to produce large quantities of nitric oxide in response to inflammatory stimuli such as interleukin-$1\beta$(IL-$1\beta$), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$), interferon-$\gamma$(IFN-$\gamma$) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Reactive oxygen species are also known to be important in the pathogenesis of acute cell and tissue injury such as acute lung injury model Methods: Using the RA W264.7 cells, we have examined the ability of oxidant hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) to stimulate nitric oxide production and inducible NOS mRNA expression. Also, we have examined the effects of NOS inhibitors and antioxidants on $H_2O_2$ induced nitric oxide production. Results: Stimulation of RAW264.7 cells with combinations of 100 ng/ml IL-$1\beta$, 100 ng/ml TNF-$\alpha$, and 100 U/ml IFN-$\gamma$ or 100 U/ml IFN-$\gamma$ and $1{\mu}g/ml$ LPS induced the synthesis of nitric oxide as measured by the oxidation products nitrite($NO_2^-$) and nitrate($NO_3^-$). Addition of $250 {\mu}M-2$ mM $H_2O_2$ to the cytokines significantly augmented the synthesis of $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$(p<0.05). When cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of $H_2O_2$ in the presence of IL-$1\beta$, TNF-$\alpha$ and IFN-$\gamma$ at constant level, the synthesis of $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ was dose-dependently increased(p<0.05). $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME), dose dependently, significantly inhibited the formation of $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ in cells stimulated with LPS, IFN-$\gamma$ and $H_2O_2$ at constant level(p<0.05). Catalase significantly inhibited the $H_2O_2$-induced augmentation of cytokine-induced $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ formation(p<0.05). But, boiled catalase did not produce a significant inhibition in comparison with the native enzyme. Another antioxidant 2-mercaptoethanol and orthophenanthroline dose-dependently suppressed $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ synthesis(p<0.05). Northern blotting demonstrated that H:02 synergistically stimulated the cytokine-induced iNOS mRNA expression in RA W264.7. Conclusion: These results suggest that $H_2O_2$ contributes to inflammatory process by augmenting the iNOS expression and nitric oxide synthesis induced by cytokines.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.898-904
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• 2005

Although Euonymus alatus (EA) has been used as traditional medicine for cancer treatment, exact substances involved in curing of the disease are not yet known. Free radical scavenging and reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal activities of aqueous extract components isolated from winged stem of EA in animal cell line were investigated. Aqueous extract of EA (AEEA) was fractionated by ultrafiltration. All fractions mainly consisted of polysaccharide (44.8%), protein (2.1%), small amounts of phenol compounds and organic acids. Antioxidant activity of AEEA increased depending on concentration fractions, as determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. ROS removal activity was visualized in Chinese hamster ovary cell line using laser scanning confocal microscope, and AEEA activity increased in order of F IV>F III>F I>F II. These results suggest AETA has bioactive carbohydrates with potentials as functional foods and antioxidants.