• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.841-853
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• 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with calcium oxide (CaO) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) as substitutional ingredient of total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro fermentation, in situ disappearance and growth performance of Holstein steers. Cannulated Holstein (600 ± 47 kg) was used for both the in vitro and in situ experiments. The treatments used were TMR only (CON), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products fresh matter (FM) basis (TC), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis (TCC), and TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis + 3.22% AHP FM basis (TCCA). For in vivo experiment, thirty-four Holstein steers (273 ± 45 kg) were subjected to a 150-day feeding trial, divided into two groups: CON and TC. In the in vitro experiment, pH of TCCA was greatest (p < 0.05) among other treatments at all incubation times. Ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different for each treatment. However, butyrate was greater (p < 0.05) in TCC and CON than in both TC and TCCA. During in situ experiment, the dry matter (DM) disappearance was greatest (p < 0.05) in TCCA among other treatments. Also, disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were observed greatest (p > 0.05) in TCCA treatment. In the in vivo experiment, average daily gain (ADG) did not differ between CON and TC. In blood profile analysis, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total protein concentration were not significantly different between treatments. But, creatinine concentration was greater (p < 0.05) in TC than in CON. Overall results suggest that Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with CaO and AHP can be used as substitutional ingredient in TMR for Holstein steers.

• Ocean policy research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.83-119
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• 2018

Under the Korean Marine Environment Management Act (hereunder, the KMEMA), the duty to arrange spill clean-up equipments, including spill clean-up vessels, required by the article 67 of the KMEMA is in essence the provision of public goods since it is a precautionary or preventive measure for the efficient performance of oil spill cleaning up. Also the obligation to control marine pollution and the duty to arrange of anti-pollution measures imposed on polluters is the obligation imposed by the public law in accordance with "the Polluter-Pays Principle". Therefore, the execution of such obligations shall be accompanied by the minimum legal and institutional arrangements. On the other hand, judging whether to form the roles of the public and private sectors in providing public goods is basically a matter of policy decision. However, even if the private sector is allowed to participate in the provision of public goods, it is imperative that a minimum requirement be provided to secure the public interest. Although major countries allows polluters to conclude a preliminary contract with a civil anti-pollution management company, these civilian institutions are in principle constituted by the owners of oil storage facilities. Additionally it is worth noting that it operates as a non-profit organization. In particular, if the practitioner performs pollution control for commercial purposes, their profitability may depend on the size of the pollution, the period spent on pollution control, the size of the equipment and manpower mobilized in the pollution control, and so on. Considering the above problems, caution should be taken to allow marine environmental management companies to be un-limitedly entrusted with the responsibility of arranging measures such as pollution control. In order to allow the marine environmental management contractor to be entrusted for the assignment of duty to protect the marine environment, the marine environment management business should be expanded so that the marine pollutant management capacity satisfies the statutory control capacity. For this purpose, it is necessary to manage and supervise the maintenance and improvement of the control capability of the marine environment management business. It is also necessary to discuss the introduction of the grading system for the control ability of the civil control companies alike in major countries.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.218-221
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• 2010

'Anyu', a perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) cultivar for edible seed was developed by the Department of Functional Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2008. It was originated from the cross between a pedigree of YCPL1824 as a female and SF9225-3-1 as a male parent in 1998. 'Anyu' can be characterized by purple flower color and brown grain color. 'Anyu' showed semi-dwarft type with 120 cm height, and has lodging tolerance. Maturing date of 'Anyu' was September 24, which is 15 days faster than that of 'Saeyeopsil'. The early maturity of this new cultivar showed a great advantage to various planting system with other crops. This new cultivar has high oil content (45%) and high linolenic acid in the fatty acid composition. The yield potential of 'Anyu' was about 0.9 ton/1ha in the regional yield trial.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.46
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• pp.297-325
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• 2017

In this paper, I would like to reconsider the evidential category (or the mediation category) in languages with language specific values, especially in Korean and French evidentials. We tried to analyze how the evidentials are represented in both languages including their linguistic markers (grammatical, lexical or discursive) and their semantic meanings. According to the precedent studies from the general linguistic point of view, we would like to reconsider the semantic meanings of both languages' grammatical markers, the so-called Korean retrospective marker '-te-' and French conditionals in the framework of the enunciative operation theory suggested by $Descl{\acute{e}}s$ & $Guentch{\acute{e}}va$ (2000), which proposed to classify the type of discourse by the language-independent description tools conceived after the enunciation theory suggested by Bally (1965), Benveniste (1956), Culioli (1973). Through this approach, we would like to contribute to establishing the linguistic basis not only for the general linguistic research to determine the invariant meaning of linguistic evidentials and their system, but also for the applied linguistics to the language engineering field.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.235-244
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• 2018

Potential maximum soil moisture retention (S) is a dominant parameter in the Soil Conservation Service (SCS; now called the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)) runoff Curve Number (CN) method commonly used in hydrologic modeling for event-based flood forecasting (SCS, 1985). Physically, S represents the depth [L] soil could store water through infiltration. The depth of soil moisture retention will vary depending on infiltration from previous rainfall events; an adjustment is usually made using a factor for Antecedent Moisture Conditions (AMCs). Application of the method for continuous simulation of multiple storms has typically involved updating the AMC and S. However, these studies have focused on a time step where S is allowed to vary at daily or longer time scales. While useful for hydrologic events that span multiple days, this temporal resolution is too coarse for short-term applications such as flash flood events. In this study, an approach for deriving a time-variable potential maximum soil moisture retention curve (S-curve) at hourly time-scales is presented. The methodology is applied to the Napa River basin, California. Rainfall events from 2011 to 2012 are used for estimating the event-based S. As a result, we derive an S-curve which is classified into three sections depending on the recovery rate of S for soil moisture conditions ranging from 1) dry, 2) transitional from dry to wet, and 3) wet. The first section is described as gradually increasing recovering S (0.97 mm/hr or 23.28 mm/day), the second section is described as steeply recovering S (2.11 mm/hr or 50.64 mm/day) and the third section is described as gradually decreasing recovery (0.34 mm/hr or 8.16 mm/day). Using the S-curve, we can estimate the hourly change of soil moisture content according to the time duration after rainfall cessation, which is then used to estimate direct runoff for a continuous simulation for flood forecasting.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.199-211
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• 2019

Objectives : Present study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of various combinations of lemon balm and dandelion (LD) leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced acute liver injury. Methods : Mice were orally treated with 200 mg/kg of LD extracts [1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, or 8:1 (weight : weight)] for 7 days, and then intraperitoneally injected with $CCl_4$ (0.5 mL/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg) was used as reference drug. Body weight gain, relative liver weight, serum biochemistry, histopathologic analyses, and hepatic antioxidant system were examined to elucidate the fittest combination ratio of LD extract. Results : All varying combinations of LD extract significantly increased body weight gain and decreased relative liver weight by $CCl_4$. In addition, LD extract reduced serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Histopathological analyses indicated that LD extract significantly decreased histological activity index score, degenerated hepatocytes, and infiltrated inflammatory cells induced by $CCl_4$. Moreover, LD extract reduced lipid peroxidation, and attenuated the reduction of hepatic glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase by $CCl_4$. Although there were no statistical differences in body weight gain between silymarin- and LD extract-treated groups, administration of 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1 combination of LD extract exhibited more favorable hepatoprotective effects than silymarin. Especially, 2:1 combination of LD extract showed the most potent hepatoprotective effects. Conclusion : Of various combinations of LD extract tested, present results suggest that 2:1 combination of LD extract would be a promising herbal formulation to protect liver from oxidative stress.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1332-1338
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• 2018

Activated microglia, induced by various pathogens, protect neurons and maintain homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). However, severe activation causes neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease because of the secretion of various neurotoxic molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG), and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Because chronic microglial activation endangers neuronal survival, negative regulators of microglial activation have been identified as potential therapeutic candidates for treatment of many neurological diseases. One potential source of these regulators is Locusta migratoria, a grasshopper of the Acrididae, usually 4-6 cm in size, belonging to the family of large insects in Acrididae. This grasshopper is an edible insect resource that can be consumed by humans as protein source or used for animal feed. The aim of the present study was to examine the inhibitory effects of a L. migratoria ethanol extract (LME) on the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia cells. The extract significantly inhibited the NO, iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokine ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$) levels in BV-2 microglia cell. Because the inhibition of microglial activation may be an effective solution for treating brain disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, these results suggest that LME may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of brain disorders induced by neuroinflammation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare the amygdalin content, alcohol content, pH, titratable acidity, and color of maesil wine prepared with two different manufacturing processes. Maesil wine was made from maesil chung, and maesil was preserved (MW1) or removed (MW2) before fermentation. During aging, amygdalin content in all the wines was gradually reduced, and the content of MW2 was less than that of the other. The alcohol content, pH, and titratable acidity ranged from around 9.87-10.94, 3.57-3.80, and 8.89-10.68%, respectively. The difference between the samples was not significant. For color, MW1 had lower L and higher a and b values than MW2. In this study, the difference in physicochemical properties according to the presence of maesil was not significant, indicating no degradation of the quality according to the manufacturing processes. However, the MW2 showed a reduction in amygdalin contents.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2019

Nematode-trapping fungi use various specialized traps to capture nematodes. A fungus that can capture nematodes in three dimensional adhesive networks was isolated from the soil around the root of Cucumis melo L. (Oriental melon) in Seongju, Korea. The conidiophores were found to be septate, hyaline, erect and $290-528(342.8){\mu}m$ high. It produces obovoid shape and 1-3 septate (commonly 2-septate) conidia with a size of $30.5{\times}20.3{\mu}m$. Molecular analysis of 5.8 S rDNA displayed 99% similarity to Arthrobotrys sinensis. On the basis of morphological, morphometric and molecular studies, the fungus was identified as A. sinensis. It is the first report in Korea which can be one of biological control resource of plant-parasitic nematode.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.29-34
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• 2019

In this study, a gasoline test vehicle was evaluated for drive quality in emissions and fuel economy tests. The measurement results were compared with the manufacturer's suggested values to evaluate whether the tolerance ranges (fuel efficiency -5%, greenhouse gas +5%) were exceeded. We carried out tests with test subjects based on the SAE J2951 evaluation method. The test vehicle was a 2L gasoline vehicle. The drive following performance was found to increase under deliberate driving conditions and decreased in smooth driving conditions. As a result of the analysis of the drive following performance, the closer the value is to 1, the more accurate the driving is. (-) indicates harsh conditions, and (+) indicates gentle conditions. The basic data on the driver following between testers was obtained by analysis of the tests. The fuel efficiency correlation with the drive following performance within the target speed range of the fuel consumption mode. In the future, these measurement results can serve as key data for securing an exhaust gas database and fuel efficiency system for each measurement mode.