• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.767-770
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• 2001

Experiments were accomplished to reduce the extent of proteolysis by simply controlling the culture conditions instead of the gene manipulation techniques. L-arginine and L-lysine were chosen as a protease inhibitor analogue With the assumption that they might act as the potential inhibitors against proteases involved in the rHSA proteolysis. The addition of arginine and lysine resulted in a considerable positive effect on the secreted rHSA production level.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.197-197
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• 2005

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1100-1107
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• 2007

The effects of offering broilers phosphorus-adequate diets containing 10.0 and 11.8 g/kg lysine, without and with 500 FTU/kg exogenous phytase, on growth performance and nutrient utilisation were determined. Each of the four experimental diets was offered to 6 replicates of 10 birds from 7 to 28 days of age. Effects of treatment on performance, apparent metabolisable energy, apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and bone mineralisation were examined. Both additional lysine and phytase supplementation improved (p<0.05) weight gain and feed efficiency, with interactions (p<0.05), as phytase responses were more pronounced in lysine-deficient diets. Phytase improved (p<0.05) apparent metabolisable energy, which was independent of the dietary lysine status. Bone mineralisation, as determined by percentage toe ash, was not affected by treatment, which confirms the phosphorus-adequate status of the diets. Phytase increased (p<0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility of the sixteen amino acids assessed. Unexpectedly, however, the dietary addition of 1.8 g/kg lysine, as lysine monohydrochloride, increased (p<0.05) the ileal digestibility of lysine per se and also that of isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, valine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and tyrosine. In addition, there were significant interactions (p<0.05) between additional lysine and phytase supplementation for arginine, lysine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and serine digestibilities, with the effects of phytase being more pronounced in lysine-deficient diets. The possible mechanisms underlying the increases in amino acid digestibility in response to additional lysine and the interactions between lysine and microbial phytase in this regard are discussed. Also, consideration is given to the way in which phytate and phytase may influence ileal digestibility of amino acids.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.438-442
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• 1997

Antisense oligonucleotide represents an interesting tool for selective inhibition of gene expression. However, their low efficiency of introduction within intact cells remains to be overcome. Antisense-$TGF{\beta}$ (25 mer) and antisense-$TGF{\beta}$ (18 mer) were used to study the cellular transport and biological function of antisense oligonucleotide in vitro. Since TGF and TNF play on important role in regulating the nitric oxide production from macrophages, the action of the above antisense oligonucleotides was easily monitored by the determination of nitrite. Poly-L-lysine, benzalkonium chloride and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride were used as polycations, which neutralize the negative charge of antisense oligonucleotide. The production of nitric oxide mediated by .gamma.-IFN in mouse peritoneal macrophage was increased by antisense-TGF.betha. in a dose-dependent manner. Antisense-$TGF{\beta}$ reduced the nitric oxide release from activated RAW 264.7 cells. Significant enhancement in the nitric oxide production was investigated by the cotreatment of poly-L-lysine with antisense-$TGF{\beta}$On the meanwhile, inhibition effect of antisense-$TGF{\beta}$ is not changed by the addition of poly-L-lysine. These results demonstrate that control of expression of $TGF{\beta}$ and TNF.alpha. gene is achieved using antisense technology and the cellular uptake of antisense oligonucleotide could be enhanced by ion-pairing.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.481-486
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• 2017

The content of $N^{\varepsilon}$-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), an advanced glycation endproduct, in stir-fried anchovy prepared under different cooking conditions was determined, along with their sensory properties. The aim of the study was to optimize cooking conditions of stir-fried anchovy for minimal CML production by using different sugars, sugar concentrations, pH levels, and cooking times. The results showed that CML content increased with increasing sugar concentration. Cooking time did not affect CML content but lowering the pH with lemon juice decreased it significantly. The CML content of samples with a high sugar concentration, and without lemon juice was $4.67{\mu}g/mL$, and that of samples with both a low sugar concentration and lemon juice was $2.49{\mu}g/mL$, indicating a 47% reduction in the CML content of sir-fried anchovy. We conclude that stir-fried anchovy cooked with less sugar and the addition of lemon juice can reduce CML content while maintaining sensory characteristics.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1586-1592
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• 2016

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, and encapsulated bacterium in the normal flora of the intestines, mouth, skin, and food, and has decarboxylation activity, which results in generation of diamines (cadaverine, agmatine, and putrescine). However, there is no specific information on the exact mechanism of decarboxylation in K. pnuemoniae. Specifically lysine decarboxylases that generate cadaverine with a wide range of applications has not been shown. Therefore, we performed a functional study of lysine decarboxylases. Enzymatic characteristics such as optimal pH, temperature, and substrates were examined by overexpressing and purifying CadA and LdcC. CadA and LdcC from K. pneumoniae had a preference for L-lysine, and an optimal reaction temperature of 37℃ and an optimal pH of 7. Although the activity of purified CadA from K. pneumoniae was lower than that of CadA from E. coli, the activity of K. pneumoniae CadA in whole cell bioconversion was comparable to that of E. coli CadA, resulting in 90% lysine conversion to cadaverine with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate L-lysine.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1994

Photoirradiation at > 300 nm onto a suspension of platinized TiO$_2$ (TiO$_2$-Pt) particles in an aqueous solution. of N$_{\varepsilon}$-carbamyI-L-lysine (Lys(CONH)$_2$) induced the selective N-cyclization of Lys(CONH$_2$) into almost optically pure L-pipecolinic acid (PCA) under argon atmosphere at ambient temperature. Among various TiO$_2$-Pt catalysts, a P-25 (Degussa) powder platinized via impregnation from chloroplatinic acid followed by hydrogen reduction at 753 K exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity for Lys(CONH$_2$) consumption and L-PCA production. GC-MS analyses of L-PCA obtained photocatalytically from $^{15}$N$\alpha$-Lys(CONH$_2$) revealed the selective formation $^{15}$N-substituted L-PCA. This implies that the mechanism for L-PCA production contains selective cleavage of C$_{\varepsilon}$-N bond and intramolecular alkylation at $\alpha$-amino group. Effect of pH on the rate of this photocatalytic reaction was investigated in detail and compared with the pH-dependent charge distribution in Lys(CONH$_2$) molecule. It is clarified that protonation-deprotonation of $\alpha$-amino group gives marked influence on the rate and selectivity of the photocatalytic reaction. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that the selective production of optically pure L-PCA, especially in an acidic suspension of TiO$_2$-Pt, was attributed to the enhanced protonation of $\alpha$-amino group to prevent undesirable oxidation by photogenerated positive holes and blocking of $\varepsilon$-amino group to yield racemic Schiff base intermediate.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.68-77
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• 1971

Ninty four strains of lysine producing micro-organisms in culture broth during fermentation have been isolated from soil and other sources. From the comparison of the amounts of lysine produced, 6 strains have been selected as the potentially useful strains, and identified tentatively as Micrococcus sp. (S-16-4), Corynebactcrium sp. (S-27-12, S-281-3, CBY-4) and Brevibacterium sp. (M-6-71, F-629-2), respectively. From the further studies with Corynebacterium sp., S-27-12, its maximum yield was found to be 4mg lysine/ml of synthetic medium, consist of glucose(7.5%), urea(0.6%), $KH_2PO_4(0.2%)$, $Na_2HPO_4(0.05%)$, $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O(0.03%)$, $MnSO_4{\cdot}4H_2O(0.001%)$ and $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O(0.0005%)$ at pH 7.2 and $30^{\circ}C$ after 4 days.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.939-943
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to determine the lysine requirement of straight-run broiler chickens ($Hubbard{\times}Hubbard$) during the period 4-21 (Exp. 1) and 21-40 (Exp. 2) days of age. Experiments were conducted during the summer months (June-August) in open-sided houses, thus exposing chicks to chronic heat stress. Daily min-max temperature averaged $28-40^{\circ}C$ (Exp. 1) and $28-36^{\circ}C$ (Exp. 2). Lysine deficient basal diets were formulated to contain low-nutrient-density, i.e., 2,700 kcal per kg ME, 18.6% CP (Exp. 1), and 2,750 kcal per kg ME, 17.1% CP (Exp. 2), to mimic typical commercial broiler diets used in Pakistan. Diets were supplemented with L-lysine HCl to provide total lysine level ranging from 0.85 to 1.10% (six increments) and 0.72 to 1.02% (six increments), respectively in Exp. 1 and 2. Live performance data were subjected to quadratic analysis and requirement was defined as the level achieving 95% of maximum or minimum values. Lysine requirements were found to be 0.98 and 0.97% total lysine, respectively, for gain and feed efficiency during 4-21 days, and 0.87% total lysine for both gain and feed efficiency during 21-40 days of age. Calculated on a digestible lysine basis, the estimates were 0.85 and 0.84%, respectively, for gain and feed efficiency during 4-21 days of age; and 0.75% for gain and feed efficiency during 21-40 days of age.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1142-1147
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• 2011

Lysine intake during gestation has a major impact on subsequent reproductive performance. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of lysine intake from mid-gestation until farrowing on the reproductive performance of multiparous sows. On day 30 of gestation, 200 Landrace${\times}$Large White sows were randomly assigned to one of four groups based on body weight and parity (n = 50). The gestation diets contained 0.46, 0.56, 0.65 or 0.74% lysine. Increasing dietary lysine concentration improved sow body condition at farrowing and increased litter weights (p<0.05). Dietary lysine level also had a significant effect on the dry matter (p<0.05) and protein content (p<0.05) of colostrum. Increased lysine intake increased serum insulin concentration (p<0.05) and there was a trend towards increased serum prolactin content (linear, p = 0.07). However, increased lysine tended to decrease blood urea N (quadratic, p = 0.05). These results suggest that higher lysine levels (0.65-0.75%) than those recommended by the National Research Council improved reproductive performance for multiparous gestating sows and this increase may be partially mediated through blood metabolites or metabolic hormone levels.