• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2005

폐전자스크랩으로부터 미생물 침출법에 의해 유가금속을 회수하기 위한 기초 연구로 Thiobacillus ferrooxidans를 이용하여 Cu, Zn, Al, Co, Ni, Sn 및 Pb의 침출 거동을 조사하였다. 예비실험으로 각 금속의 침출 거동을 조사하기 위해 먼저 폐전자스크랩 대신 각 금속분말을 이용하여 침출 실험을 실시하였는데, 금속분말의 양이 증가함에 따라 츰출율을 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 각각의 금속분말의 농도가 5 g/L이하에서 Cu, Co 및 Zn의 경우 85%이상의 침출율을 나타내었다. 한편 폐전자스크랩을 이용한 침출실험 결과 고액농도가 100 g/L에서 Cu, Co의 경우는 90%이상의 침출율을 보이고 있으나 Al, Zn 및 Ni의 경우는 40%이하의 침출율을 나타내었다. Pb의 경우는 PbSO$_4$ 형태로 Sn의 경우는 SnO 형태로 침전되어 침출액중으로는 거의 용출되지 않았다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2017

Wireless sensor nodes have limited energy, so it is important to optimize energy consumption to preserve network lifetime. Various protocols have been proposed for this purpose. LEACH protocol and SEP are the representative protocols. These protocols become less effective as the Sensor Field becomes wider. To improve this, MR-SEP and L-SEP were proposed. These protocols increase the energy efficiency by dividing the Sensor Field into layers and reducing the transmission distance. However, when dividing a layer, there are cases where it is divided inefficiently, and a node within a certain range from a Base Station has a better transmission efficiency than a direct transmission method using a cluster method. In this paper, we propose a Single-hop layer for L-SEP to improve inefficient layer division and near node transmission efficiency. When the larger the Sensor Field, the better the performance of the proposed method by up to 87%. The larger the sensor field, the more efficient the proposed method is over the conventional method. That is, the proposed method is suitable for the wide Sensor Field.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.153-158
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• 2017

광범위한 공사현장에서 드론 운용 시 효율적인 데이터의 수집을 위해 대표적인 노드를 선정하여 방문하는 랑데부 포인트를 사용한다. 랑데부 포인트는 선정된 노드와 그 주변의 노드들에 데이터 전송이 증가하여 에너지 소모가 집중될 수 있으며 이는 네트워크 수명의 단축을 유발할 수 있다. 따라서 장시간의 공사기간을 고려할 때 랑데부 포인트를 효과적으로 교체하여 네트워크 수명을 장시간 유지하는 것이 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 센서의 에너지 잔량에 따라 랑데부 포인트를 교체해가며 드론을 통해 효율적으로 데이터를 수집하는 방법을 제안한다. 또한 제안 기법은 드론과의 상대거리도 반영하여 지리적으로 가까운 랑데부 포인트를 선정함으로써 드론의 이동 거리를 줄일 수 있다. 또한 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안 기법이 기존의 기법들에 비해 네트워크의 수명을 늘리고 드론의 비행 거리를 줄일 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제40권10호
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• pp.936-942
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• 2003

In order to develop glass formulations for vitrifying Low-and Intermediate-Level radioactive Wastes (LILW) from nuclear power plants of Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power (KHNP) Co., Ltd., promising glass formulations were selected based on glass property model predictions for viscosity, electrical conductivity and leach resistance. Laboratory measurements were conducted to verify the model predictions. Based on the results, the models for electrical conductivity, US DOE 7-day Product Consistency Test (PCT) elemental release, and pH of PCT leachate are accurate for the LILW glass formulations. However, the model for viscosity was able to provide only qualitative results. A leachate conductivity test was conducted on several samples to estimate glass leach resistance. Test results from the leachate conductivity test were useful for comparison before PCT elemental release results were available. A glass formulation K11A meets all the KHNP glass property constraints, and use of this glass formulation on the pilot scale is recommended. Glass formulations K12A, K12B, and K12E meet nearly all of the processing constraints and may be suitable for additional testing. Based on the comparison between the measured and predicted glass properties, existing glass property models may be used to assist with the LILW glass formulation development.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.88-95
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• 2020

An investigation of rare metals recovery from LiNi_xCo_yMn_zO₂ cathode material of the end-of-life lithium-ion batteries is presented. To determine the influence of reductant on the leach process, the cathode material (containing Li 7.6%, Co 20.4%, Mn 19.4%, and Ni 19.3%) was leached in H₂SO₄ solutions either with or without H₂O₂. The optimal process parameters with respect to acid concentration, addition dosage of H₂O₂, temperature, and the leaching time were found to be 2.0 M H₂SO₄, 4 vol.% H₂O₂, 70℃, and 150 min, respectively. The yield of metal values in the leach liquor was > 99%. The leach liquor was subsequently treated by precipitation techniques to recover nickel as Ni(C₄H₇N₂O₂)₂ and lithium as Li₂CO₃ with stoichiometric ratios of 2:1 and 1.2:1 of dimethylglyoxime:Ni and Na₂CO₃:Li, respectively. Cobalt was recovered by solvent extraction following a 3-stage process using Na-Cyanex 272 at pH_eq ~5.0 with an organic-to-aqueous phase ratio (O/A) of 2/3. The loaded organic phase was stripped with 2.0 M H₂SO₄ at an O/A ratio of 8/1 to yield a solution of 114 g/L CoSO₄; finally recovered CoSO₄.xH₂O by crystallization. The process economics were analyzed and found to be viable with a margin of $476 per ton of the cathode material.

• 멤브레인
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.189-195
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• 1996

It is concluded from this study that human consumption of very low TDS water does not leach minerals from the body that cause ill health effects because; -The human body's own control mechanism of homeostasis and internal body secretions keep tight controls on body fluid composition regardless of drinking water TDS for a normal person under normal csonditions. -The unofficial WHO document's proposed guideline of a 100m/l lower limit for drinking water due to mineral leaching and subsequent ill health was not found to be scientifically or physiologically credible. Leaching of minerals from the body is not officially recognized by WHO. -The experience of the U.S. Navy, Army, NASA and dommunity demonstrations do not support ill health symptoms caused by consumption of low TDS drinking water. -Millions of people regularly consume maturally occurring low TDS water without symptoms of ill health.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.177-181
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• 2005

칼슘-벤토나이트와 접한 약 $20\%$의 우라늄 산화물을 함유한 유리고화체가 알곤 분위기에서 모의 화강암지하수에 의해 침출되었을 때 노란색의 우라늄화합물이 벤토나이트와 고화체의 경계면에 농축되었다. 6년간의 침출후 형성된 우라늄 화합물이 beta-uranophane $[Ca(UO_2)_2(SiO_{3}OH)_{2}5H_{2}O]$임을 XRD, 적외선 스펙트럼과 질량분석기를 이용하여 확인하였으며, 이 화합물의 용해도를 $80^{\circ}C$, 탈이온수에서 측정한 결과 약 $10^{-6}\;mole/L$ 이었다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.446-452
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• 2019

젖산을 이용하여 안전하게 양극활물질에 있는 Co, Mn, Ni을 침출할 수 있는 방법을 개발하였다. 양극활물질을 젖산으로 침출 시켰을 때, 젖산의 농도는 1N과 4 N 이상에서 보다는 2 N에서 가장 높은 효율을 보였다. 양극활물질을 단계적으로 젖산 용액에 첨가 하였을 때, 최대 용해도는 2 N의 젖산 용액에서 1 L 당 30 g이었다. 젖산 용액에 옥살산을 첨가하였고 희유금속들은 1 L 당 4 g에서 가장 경제적인 회수율을 보였다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 해서, 양극활물질로부터 희유금속들을 회수하기 위한 최적의 조건은 무게비로 옥살산과 양극활물질이 7 : 1이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 첨가하여, 옥살산에 의해서 생성된 침전물은 Co, Ni, Mn 3성분이 결합되어 있는 다핵 결정성 물질이었다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.176-186
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• 2016

For several decades, lactic acid bacterium (Lactobacillus graminis: LAB) has been generally recognized as safe. To develop the pan-environmental bio-control agent, algicidal activity of the live LAB cell and its culture filtrate (CF) was examined against Microcystis aeruginosa. LAB cells perfectly lysed M. aeruginosa within 3 days, while the CF had a less effect than the live cells, approximately 78% inhibition of algal growth during a same culture period. The concentration of microcystin in alone culture of M. aeruginosa was $7.1{\mu}gL^{-1}$, but gradually increased and leach $158.5{\mu}gL^{-1}$ on 10 days. However, LAB cells clearly decreased the microcystin by $10.3{\mu}gL^{-1}$ in the same period, approximately 93.5%. CF of LAB showed a strong algicidal activity over 75% between pH 2-7, 91.3% by the treatment of proteinase K, 87.8% by below 3 kDa in particle size, and 75.3% by heat treatment, respectively. Of five solvents, fractions of CF passed through solvents diethyl ether and ethyl acetate showed an obvious algicidal activity in the algal-lawn test. Among 5 fractions purified by silica-gel TLC plate, two spots showed a most strong removal activity on M. aeruginosa. Another analysis of GC indicate that CF contained six representative fatty acids. Even though most of these substance have been known as an anti-algal substance against M. aeruginosa, oleic acid is the most effective. These results suggested that the culture filtrate or specific substances, like a fatty acids, in comparison with live L. graminis can be a successful and eco-friendly agent to control Microcystis bloom.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.571-577
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• 2016

Phosphorus is an essential and irreplaceable element for all living organisms and its resource is limited. Significant amount of used phosphorus is collected in sewage treatment plant as sludge. Sludge ash after incineration contains about 10% of phosphorus in dry mass basis, which is comparable to phosphate rocks, and it is an important source of phosphorus recovery. Acid and alkali were used to leach phosphorus from sludge ash and compared for their leaching kinetics and performance. Phosphorus leaching by NaOH was fast and 0.2 N and 2 N NaOH leached 49% and 56% of the total phosphorus in the sludge ash at the L/S ratio of 100. Phosphorus leaching by sulphuric acid and hydrochloric were very fast and most of the phosphorus was leached in 5 minutes. In case of sulphuric acid 95% of the total phosphorus in the sludge ash was leached by 0.2 N at the L/S ratio of 100 and 93% was leached by 1 N at the L/S ratio of 10. 1 N hydrochloric acid leached 99% of the total phosphorus at the L/S ratio of 10. The results showed acids were more effective than alkali for phosphorus leaching from sludge ash and hydrochloric acid leached more phosphorus than sulphuric acid.