• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.303-306
• /
• 2006

This experiment was investigated the influence of water stress in growth and yields of safflower. The water stress treatment was early growth stage(Mar. 20~Apr. 18), middle growth stage(Apr. 29~May 28) and last growth stage(Jun. 8~Jul. 7) for 30 days, respectively. Stem length of plant was 127 cm in normal irrigation(control) state and that of growth middle stage at drought state was 96 cm, to be shorted more 31 cm than that of normal irrigation state, also other growth rate of plant was decreased, relatively. Number of effective flower bud per $m^2$ was 224 ea in normal irrigation state, 114 ea in growth middle stage at drought state. Yield of seed at drought state decreased 37% and 13% in growth middle stage(222 kg/10a) and last stage(307 kg/10a) than 353 kg/10a in normal irrigation state. According to the result, it could be estimated that optimum irrigation time(0.05 MPa) was 23days after non-rainfall at early growth stage(from sowing seed time to 30 days after sowing seed), 10 days in middle growth stage(41-70 days after sowing seed) and 9 days in last growth stage(81-110 days after sowing seed), to prevent the damage of drought.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.301-309
• /
• 2001

This study was conducted to provide the basic information on safflower collections and to identify the variations which could be utilized in safflower breeding programs. The agronomic characteristics was used to clarify the genetic relationships among safflower collections and to classify them into distint genetic groups. There were 21 early maturing collections with less than 80 days in number of days from planting to flowering. The number of primary and secondary branches ranged ${3.8{\sim}14.8\;and\;0{\sim}26.9}$, respectively, and two collections, IT201434 and IT202723, were found to be high branch types. The 101 safflower collections were classified into 11 groups based on the complete linkage cluster analysis using agronomic characteristics. The I, II, III, IV, IX, X and ? groups included the 25%, 33%, 14%, 8%, 2%, 1% and 1% of the collections, respectively. All the collections in the group III were Korean landraces. The collections in group X could be characterized as early emergence, late flowering and high yield components such as the number of capitula per plant, number of seeds per capitula and seed weight per plant. The number of capitula per plant and seed weight per plant, i.e., the two main yield components, had the highly significant positive correlations with stem diameter, number of the primary branches, number of the secondary branches, number of leaves and leaf length.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.311-317
• /
• 2006

Phenolic compounds in safflower seeds were recently found to stimulate bone formation and increase plasma HDL cholesterol levels in estrogen deficient rats, and to inhibit melanin synthesis. Nine phenolic compounds: $N-feruloylserotonin-5-O-{\beta}-D-glucoside,\;8'-hydroxyarctigenin-4'-O-{\beta}-D-glucoside,\;luteolin-7-O-{\beta}-D-glucoside$, N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin, N-feruloylserotonin, 8'-hydroxy arctigenin (HAG), luteolin (LT), $acacetin-7-O-{\beta}-D-glucuronide$ (ATG) and acacetin (AT), were quantified by HPLC in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds during growth and processing. During growth, levels of the nine phenolic compounds in the seeds increased progressively with increasing growth stages, reached a maximum on July 30 (42nd day after flowering), and then remained relatively constant. During the roasting process, levels of phenolic compounds, except HAG, LT and AT, generally decreased with increased roasting temperature and time, whereas those of HAG, LT and AT increased progressively with increased roasting temperature and time. During the steaming process, levels of other phenolic compounds except HAG and AT generally tended to increase with increased steaming time, whereas those of HAG and AT were scarcely changed. During the microwave treatment, quantitative changes of phenolic compounds were similar to the roasting process, although there were some differences in levels of phenolic compounds between two heat treatments. These results suggest that the steamed safflower seeds after harvesting on late July may be useful as potential dietary supplement source of phenolic compounds for prevention of several pathological disorders, such as atherosclerosis and osteoporosis and aging.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.704-709
• /
• 2015

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds have long been clinically used in Korea to promote bone formation and prevent osteoporosis. In addition, the safflower buds (SB) were found to have more useful functional ingredients than safflower seed. Thus, we investigated the preventive effects of SB diet in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The rats were divided into five groups; sham operated group, OVX alone group, OVX plus 17β-estradiol (E₂ 10 μg/kg, i.p.) and OVX plus SB diet feeding group (0.3% or 1%). Feeding of SB diet (0.3% or 3%) to OVX rats markedly increased trabecular formation in femur compared to OVX rats. Feeding of SB diet (0.3% or 3%) to OVX rats also decreased TRAP activity compared to OVX rats. These results suggest that SB diets have bone sparing effects by the decrease of osteoclast activity. We also observed that OVX rats fed with SB diet (0.3% or 3%) exhibited the decrease of calcium and phosphorus in serum compared to OVX-induced rats. Therefore, SB may be beneficial for the patients of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.213-218
• /
• 2000

Morphological characteristics of 16 collected safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)accessions were studied at Gyongbuk A.T.A. Uisong Medicinal Plant Experiment Station in 1998. As for plant height, 5 lines were tall(more than 131cm), which were mainly foreign safflower. Middle and small were 5 and 6 accessions, respectively. Number of branch per plant was 11∼13 in 2 accessions of domestic safflowers while foreign safflowers have more than 50 branches per plant. Leaf shapes were oblong(3 lines), lanceolate(10 lines) and broadly linear(3 lines). There were three types of leaf margin shape which were repand(7 lines), serrate(4 lines) and parted serrate(5 lines). Flower color was white(1 line), yellow(13 lines) and red orange(2 lines). As for flower head shape, 14 lines were conical and 2 lines were flattened. There were thorns on bract of flower head in 11 lines but in 5 lines there were not. Domestic safflower lines had seeds of conical shape. Contrastively, seed shapes of foreign saffower lines were oval.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.10-14
• /
• 2000

A simple and rapid method was developed to prepare a large quantity of highly pure conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) chemically-synthesized from safflower seed oil (SSO). CLA-SSO(74.9% in purity) was synthesized from fresh SSO(79.9% of linoleic acid) by alkaline isomerization at 18$0^{\circ}C$. Urea(50g) and CLA-SSO (25g) were completely dissolved in ethanol (750ml) using a water bath(5$0^{\circ}C$) and followed by refluxing for 60 min. The resultant was cooled to room temperature and stored in a cold room (4$^{\circ}C$) for 24hrs. After removing the urea adduct by filtration, the filtrate was rotoevaporated under 4$0^{\circ}C$ and the residue was dissolved in hexane (200ml). The hexane extract was washed with distilled water (100ml$\times$3) and dried over sodium sulfate anhydrous. This urea treatment procedure was repeated three times. The purity of CLA recovered from the hexane extract was 95.0%. This method can be applied to prepare a large quantity of highly pure chemically-synthesized CLA (>0.5kg/a batch) from any plant oils containing high percentages (>70%) of linoleic acid.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.378-385
• /
• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the sulfur effects on the yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and the chemical properties of soil after sulfur treatment. Sulfur application was conducted with two chemical forms of sulfur powder and potassium sulfate. Sulfur powder was applied to the soil with levels of 0, 10, 20, 40 kg/10a and potassium sulfate was applied to the soil with levels of 10, 20 kg/10a as sulfur content. After sulfur application in soils, pH and available $P_2O_5$ content of soils tend to decrease after experiment, whereas the contents of $SO_4^{2-}$ and active Fe increased in soils. By the application of sulfur, the yields of safflower seed were increased by about $6{\sim}17$ percent compared to the control. It is apparent that seed yield and plant growth of safflower were increased by the sulfur application.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.460-464
• /
• 2002

Quality of noodle processed by addition of hot water extract powder from roasted safflower seed (RSHE) was investigated. Proximate compositions of RSHE was 4.70% of moisture, 32.63% of crude Protein, 6.52% of crude fat, 15.62% of crude ash and 40.53% of carbohydrate. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in hunter's color value between noodles with and without RSHE. The ‘L’vague of noodle processed by addition of powder from roasted safflower seed (RSP) was very low and significantly different (p<0.05) from other products. With the increase of RSHE addition, the volume and weight of cooked noodles increased (R$^2$=0.9688). The breaking force of dry noodle decreased with the increase of RSHE addition. In the mastication test of cooked noodles, max. weight, strength and hardness increased with the increase of RSHE addition. Dry noodle with 0.3% and 0.5% RSHE recorded high rank, but that with RSP recorded the lowest rank in score of appearance and color by sensory evaluation. The noodle processed with 0.3∼0.5% RSHE showed high sensory quality.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.272-275
• /
• 1992

Relative content(% weight) of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and crude ashs in seed of korean green tea plant(Camellia simecis L.) are not different from those in seed of sunflower and safflower. However, the Camellia seed contains much higher crude saponin content(12.2%) than that of sesame(0.29%) or peanut(0.63%). It also contains 82% unsaturated fatty acids including oleic acid and contains tocopherol $(22\;{\mu}g/g,\;{\alpha}-form\;only)$ that is significantly less than of other oil-seed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.835-852
• /
• 2000

The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is the regeneration of periodontal tissue and repair of function. For more than a decade there have been many efforts to develop materials and methods of treatment to promote periodontal wound healing. Recently many efforts are concentrated on the regeneration potential of material used in oriental medicine. In some in vitro and in vivo experiments, there have been many evidences that these materials have an effect on bone regeneration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate histologically and radiologically in Sprague-Dawley rats the effects of safflower seed extracts on the regeneration of the calvarial defects surgically produced. So in this study, the critical size defects were surgically produced in the calvarial bone of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats using the 8mm trephine bur. The safflower seed extract was applied into the defect of each rat in experimental group, whereas nothing was applied into the defect of each rat in control group. Rats were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8 weeks following operation and histomorphometric and radiodensitometric analysis were performed. 1. The newly formed bone length was $102.91{\pm}22.05$, $178.29{\pm}24.40$ at 2 week in the each control, experimental group, $130.95{\pm}39.24$, $242.62{\pm}50.33$ at 4 week and $181.53{\pm}76.35$, $240.36{\pm}22.00$ at 8 week($unit,{\mu}m$). In the 2, 4 week, there were statistically significant difference between control and experimental group(P<0.05). 2. The newly formed bone area was $2962.06{\pm}1284.48$, $10648.35{\pm}1284.48$ at 2 week, $5103.25{\pm}1375.88$, $9706.78{\pm}1481.81$ at 4 week, $8046.02{\pm}818.99$, $12057.06{\pm}740.47$ at 8 week($unit,{\mu}m^2$). In every week, there were statistically significant difference between control and experimental group(P<0.05). 3. The radiopacity was $14.26{\pm}.33$, $25.47{\pm}4.33$ at 2 week, $20.06{\pm}9.07$, $26.61{\pm}2.78$ at 4 week, $22.99{\pm}3.76$, $27.29{\pm}1.54$ at 8 week(unit, %). In the 2 week, there was statistically significant difference between control and experimental group(P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that safflower seed extract initially has an effect on the newly formed bone area, length and radiopacity when it is applied to the calvarial defect of Sprague - Dawley rat. Then. the material has an effect on newly formed bone area and length.