• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 1988

The airborne pollens were studied by Durhan's pollen trap in Mt. Kwan-ak from March 1, 1984 to October 15, 1986. Most airborne pollens were found from late-March to late-September and few of them from early-November to late-February. Peak times of airborne pollens were found for one year as follows; First, from late-March to early-April, Second, middle-May, third, from late-August to middle-September. Peak day of airborne pollens of each species was related with cumulative temperature. The total amount of airborne pollen during one year had fluctuation in each year. Year by year, the amount of airborne pollens from tree was increaed, but airborne pollens of grasses was decreased. Among tree airborne pollens, the deposition rate of pinus pollen was steady, bur Quercus was relatively increased.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.265-270
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• 2017

Background: Over the years, pine pollens have been excluded as an allergen due to its relatively large size, low protein content, and waxy hydrophobic layer, despite their abundance. However, recent studies suggest the possibilities of pine pollens being allergens, and it has been reported that allergy symptoms were highly prevalent in areas with considerably large pine forests and high possibility of exposure to the pollen. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis of the allergenicities of the pollens from the dominant species of Korean pines, red pine (Pinus densiflora), black pine (Pinus thunbergii), and pitch pine (Pinus rigida), in mice. Methods: The protein composition of the pollens from the three pine species was compared via sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The pine pollens and proteins extracted from the pollens were introduced to BALB/c mice by nasal inhalation and application to exposed skin and the IgE produced by the mice were extracted from blood and analyzed via ELISA. Results: SDS-PAGE showed differing protein compositions of the pollens of the three pine species. Analysis of blood IgE compositions showed a similar amount of IgE produced when pollens were applied to skin. In contrast, when mice inhaled the pollens, P. densiflora was shown to induce significantly more IgE production than those of the other two species. Conclusions: The experimental results demonstrate that the pollens of all three South Korean pine species induce IgE production, and this production was more pronounced when the pollens were inhaled than when they were applied to the skin. Of the three species, the pollen of P. densiflora was found to induce the highest level of IgE production.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1985

The airborne pollens were investigated by Durhan's pollen trap in Mt. Kwanak from March 1, 1984 to February 28, 1985. The observed airborn pollens were identified 22 families and 49 genera, which were divided into 27 tree pollens. Most airborne pollens were found from late-March to late-September and a few from early-November to late-February, 1985. The first observed pollen of the year was Alnus on March 5 and the last was Artemisia on Decomber 19, 1984. The maximum amount of daily airborne pollens was 823 grains/cm2 on May 16. Peak day and the maximum amount of major airborne pollens were as follows; 166 grains/cm2/day of Alnus pollen on April 4, 38 gr. of Populus on April. 13, 22 gr. of Quercus on May 10, 791 gr. of Pinus on May 26, 139 gr. on May 26 and 104 gr. of Graminae on September 6, 24 gr. of Ambrosia on Sep. 10 and 236 gr. on May 26 and 104 gr. of Graminae on September 6, 24 gr. of Ambrosia airborne pollen for one year was 12,733 grains/cm2 which were composed of 61% tree pollens and 39% herb ones. Decreasing order of pollen counts was Pinus, Alnus, Quercus and Populus in trees, and Graiminae, Artemisia and Ambrosia in herbs. Most of the airborn pollens were deposited in the day-time and a few at night, the maximum at 2∼4p.m.and the mininum at 8∼10 p.m.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.167-176
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• 2008

Airborne pollen is known as one of the major causal agents to respiratory allergic reactions. Daily number of pollen grains was monitored using Burkard volumetric spore traps at seven locations including Seoul and Jeju during 1997-2007. Pollen grains were observed throughout the year especially from February to November. They showed similar distribution patterns of species among locations except in Jeju, where Japanese cedar vegetation is uniquely found. Peak seasons for pollen grains from trees and weeds were March to May and August to October, respectively. Tree pollens were mainly composed of pine, oak, alder, and birch. Weed pollens were mainly from Japanese hop, Worm wood, and ragweed. Diameter of pollen grains, which has a typical range of $20{\sim}60{\mu}m$, has close relationship with allergenicity. Allergenicity of tree and weed pollens is higher than that of grass pollens in general. In the case of trees and shrubs, pine trees account for about 70% of all tree pollens. However, pine pollens are weak allergens. The remaining 30% of tree pollens, including alder trees, white birches, and oaks, are moderate to strong allergens despite the smaller numbers. Grass and weeds are also highly likely to cause allergies. Especially, the pollens of Wormwood and Japanese hop are highly likely to cause allergies. Daily fluctuations in the number of pollens have to do with a variety of meteorological factors, such as temperature and rainfall.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 1990

The airborne pollens were investigated by 11 pollen traps in Seoul from September to November, 1986 and from March to May, 1987. There were 25 families and 36 genera of which pollens were observed, the amount of airborne pollens was most in May, and least in November. Distribution patterns of ariborne pollens were that of herbs, such as Ambrosia, Artemisia, Humulus, and persicaria in fall, and that of trees, such as Alnus, Salix, Corylus, Pinus, Platanus Betula, and Quercus in spring. From the viewpoint of regional distribution, pollens were much observed at a residential section and an industrial area in fall, and at a park region in spring.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.869-875
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• 1997

The chemical components of Korean pollens and pollen extracts were analysed to provide fundamental data for pollen processing and products development. The contents of crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate of pollens were $14.0{\sim}22.3%,\;3.0{\sim}8.8%,\;2.2{\sim}3.3%,\;0{\sim}37.5%,\;and\;31.9{\sim}64.4%$ respectively, showing the specially high crude fiber content (37.5%) in Pine pollen. Almost all the carbohydrate, lipid, protein and ash components except fiber were extracted by water and n-hexane. Free sugars identified in water extracts $(10\;^{\circ}Bx)$ of pollens were fructose and glucose as major component and maltose as minor component. The proportions of three free sugars to total soluble solid content of Mixed, Acorn, and Pine water extracts were 73.6%, 85.4% and 47.7% respectively. Potassium and phosphorus content in pollens and pollen water extracts were high, but Ca, Na, Mg, Fe and Zn were not major mineral components. The essential amino acids such as leucine, phenylalanine, methionine, lysine, valine, isoleucine and threonine were contained richly in pollens and those were almost completely extracted by water. Vitamin $B_1$ and C were not detected, but only small amount of vitamin $B_2$ was detected in the pollens and pollen extracts tested. The essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid were contained richly in pollens. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acid content in Mixed, Acorn and Darae pollen except Pine was higher than 50%.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.66-73
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• 1971

Pollen analysis was made on peat deposits in the area of Pyung Taek County, Central Korea. Arboreal pollen(AP) of Alnus, Abies, Ligustrum, Viburnum and Carpinus composed 70-80% of the total pollen detected in this sample area. Judging from the large amount of arboreal pollens, one can assume that those species were dominant in this district when the pollen was deposited. Among the arboreal pollens, Alnus pollen occurred more often than any other trees. Pollens of Betula, Tilia and Ulmus occurred rarely in each layers of peat deposit. The pollen diagram showed that Pinus and Abies markedly increased from the bottom to the top of the peat, while Ligustrum, Quercus and Tilia decreased proportionately. Non-arboreal pollens (NAP) and spores composed about 30 percent at the lower layer, but decreased considerably in the upper layer.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.299-306
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• 2021

Pollination is an essential process for plants to carry on their generation. Pollination is carried out in various ways depending on the type of plant species. Among them, pollination by insect pollinator accounts for the most common. However, these pollinators have be decreasing in population density due to environmental factors. Therefore, use of artificial pollination is increasing. However, there is a lack of information on microorganisms present in the artificial pollens. We showed the composition of bacteria structure present in the artificial pollens of apple, kiwifruit, peach and pear, and contamination of high-risk pathogens was investigated. Acidovorax spp., Pantoea spp., Erwinia spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Xanthomonas spp., which are classified as potential high-risk pathogens, have been identified in imported pollens. This study presented the pollen-associated bacterial community structure, and the results are expected to be foundation for strengthening biosecurity in orchard industry.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1988

Pollens and their preparations that are being sold as a health food in Korea were examined for. morphology and identity. The Iimall packages of sixteen items of the pollen foods were selected and investigated by staining and microscopy. It was shown that all fifteen items except one contained intact pollens which retain their sporoderms. On the basis of their morphological characteristics, they were identified as the pollens of the plants which belong to ten families: Betulaceae, Compositae, Cornaceae, Cgperaceae, Fagaceae, Geraniaceae, Graminae, LeguminoBae, Liliaceae and Pinaceae. Since the sporoderms which can act as a potent allergen to certain persons were not removed, these pollen. foods can not be safe as a food and. may cause systemic allergy. The only preparation that did not show its sporoderm is less likely to cause allergy than the others.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2018

Flowers of kiwifruit are morphologically hermaphroditic and survivable binucleate pollen is produced by the male flowers. In this study, we investigated microbial diversity in kiwifruit pollens by analyzing amplicon sequences of 16S rRNA. Four pollen samples were collected: 'NZ' was imported from New Zealand, 'CN' from China in year of 2014, respectively. 'KR13' and 'KR14' were collected in 2013' and 2014' in South Korea. Most of the identified bacterial phyla in the four different pollens were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. However, the imported and the domestic pollen samples showed different aspects of microbial community structures. The domestic pollens had more diverse in diversity than the imported samples. Among top 20 OTUs, Pseudomonas spp. was the most dominant specie. Interestingly, a bacterial pathogen of kiwifruit canker, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae was detected in 'NZ' by the specific PCR. This study provides insights microbial distribution and community structure information in kiwifruit pollen.