• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

Th2 cell immunity is required for host defense against helminths, but it is detrimental in allergic diseases in humans. Unlike Th1 cell and Th17 cell subsets, the mechanism by which dendritic cells modulate Th2 cell responses has been obscure, in part because of the inability of dendritic cells to provide IL-4, which is indispensable for Th2 cell lineage commitment. In this regard, immune cells other than dendritic cells, such as basophils and innate lymphoid cells, have been suggested as Th2 cell inducers. More recently, multiple independent researchers have shown that specialized subsets of dendritic cells mediate Th2 cell responses. This review will discuss the current understanding related to the regulation of Th2 cell responses by dendritic cells and other immune cells.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2010

CD137 (4-1BB/tnfrsf9) has been shown to co-stimulate T cells. However, agonistic anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment can suppress $CD4^+$ T cells, ameliorating autoimmune diseases, whereas it induces activation of $CD8^+$ T cells, resulting in diverse therapeutic activity in cancer, viral infection. To investigate the CD137-mediated T cell suppression mechanism, we examined whether anti-CD137 mAb treatment could affect $CD11b^+Gr-1^+$ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Intriguingly, anti-CD137 mAb injection significantly increased $CD11b^+Gr-1^+$ cells, peaking at days 5 to 10 and continuing for at least 25 days. Furthermore, this cell population could suppress both $CD8^+$ T cells and $CD4^+$ T cells. Thus, this study demonstrated that, for the first time, anti-CD137 mAb treatment could induce $CD11b^+Gr-1^+$ MDSCs under normal conditions, suggesting a possible relationship between myeloid cell induction and CD137-mediated immune suppression.

• BMB Reports
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.305-310
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• 2010

Syndecans, cell surface heparansulfate proteoglycans, have been proposed to act as cell surface receptors and/or coreceptors to play critical roles in multiple cellular functions. However, recent reports suggest that the function of syndecans can be further extended through shedding, a cleavage of extracellular domain. Shedding constitutes an additional level for controlling the function of syndecans, providing a means to attenuate and/or regulate amplitude and duration of syndecan signals by modulating the activity of syndecans as cell surface receptors. Whether these remaining cleavage products are still capable of functioning as cell surface receptors to efficiently transduce signals inside of cells is not clear. However, shedding transforms cell surface receptor syndecans into soluble forms, which, like growth factors, may act as novel ligands to induce cellular responses by association with other cell surface receptors. It is becoming interestingly evident that shed syndecans also contribute significantly to syndecan functions in cancer biology. This review presents current knowledge about syndecan shedding and its functional significance, particularly in the context of cancer.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.32.1-32.15
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• 2023

Most influenza vaccines currently in use target the highly variable hemagglutinin protein to induce neutralizing antibodies and therefore require yearly reformulation. T cell-based universal influenza vaccines focus on eliciting broadly cross-reactive T-cell responses, especially the tissue-resident memory T cell (T_RM) population in the respiratory tract, providing superior protection to circulating memory T cells. This study demonstrated that intramuscular (i.m.) administration of the adenovirus-based vaccine expressing influenza virus nucleoprotein (rAd/NP) elicited weak CD8 T_RM responses in the lungs and airways, and yielded poor protection against lethal influenza virus challenge. However, a novel "prime-and-deploy" strategy that combines i.m. vaccination of rAd/NP with subsequent intranasal administration of an empty adenovector induced strong NP-specific CD8⁺ T_RM cells and provided complete protection against influenza virus challenge. Overall, our results demonstrate that this "prime-and-deploy" vaccination strategy is potentially applicable to the development of universal influenza vaccines.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.238-246
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• 2019

Background: In South Korea, as an aged society, an understanding of dementia and its risk factors is important from clinical and healthcare policy perspectives. Relationship between cognitive impairment and body weight or weight changes have been reported, but these were contradictory. We have evaluated the association between weight changes and cognitive decline using national level longitudinal data. Methods: Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing from 2006 to 2012 were used. Association between weight changes and decline in cognitive function as measured by K-MMSE (the Korean version of the Mini-mental state examination) score was assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Weight changes were calculated from 1st wave and 3rd wave survey data, and classified into five groups as stable, increases, decreases of >10%, or 5%-10%. Results: About 37% of the total participants (n=4,512) were 65 years or older. These participants made up the largest proportion of the groups with weight change exceeding 10%. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that weight changes exceeding 10% (10% increase vs stable, adjusted OR [aOR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.95; 10% decrease vs stable, aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.11-1.88) were significant predictive factors for decline in cognitive function. In subgroup analyses, the association between weight changes and cognitive decline was significant in males aged over 65 years and in normal BMI groups. Conclusion: Weight changes, both increases and decreases exceeding 10% of baseline, were significantly associated with declines in cognitive function among older adults in South Korea.

• 대한의사협회지
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• 제61권11호
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• pp.687-698
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• 2018

Inappropriate antibiotic use significantly contributes to antibiotic resistance, resulting in reduced antibiotic efficacy and an increased burden of disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of prescribers whose antibiotics use was high and to explore factors affecting the use of antibiotics by medical institutions. This study analyzed the National Health Insurance claims data from 2015. Antibiotic prescription data were analyzed in terms of the number of defined daily doses per 1,000 patients per day, according to the World Health Organization anatomical-therapeutic-chemical classification and methodologies for measuring the defined daily dose. We investigated the characteristics of prescribers and medical institutions with high antibiotic use. Multivariate regression analyses were performed on the basis of characteristics of the medical institution (number of patients, type of medical institution [hospital or clinic], age of the physician, etc.). The number of patients and number of beds were found to be significant factors affecting antibiotic use in hospitals, and the number of patients, region, and medical department were significant factors affecting antibiotic use at the level of medical institutions. These findings are expected to help policy-makers to better target future interventions to promote prudent antibiotic prescription.

• 기술사
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.14-23
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• 1982

1) The characteristic of the recipe for GAL-SOO is to make odorous, pharmaceutical cereal into plaster by honey-mixed boiling so as to be drunken whenever it needed. But the cereal which included sugar was boiled without adding sugar. 2) The part of cereal which was used mostly in making GAL-SOO was seeds of cereals. 3) The history of GAL-SOO was derived from GU GA PIL YONG, a document of WON dynasty of GHINA, but it was developped according to our taste in this county. 4) The pharmaceutical action of GAL-SOO was mainly to strengthen stomach, digestion and appeasing thirst. 5) GAL-SOO tastes so sour and sweet that it was splendid to drink especially in summer as a beverage. 6) The Value of developping GAL-SOO as a beverage is highly approved because of its expediency of recipe and tough endurance storing under ordinary temperature.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.443-450
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• 2016

국내 바이오의약산업은 국가의 핵심전략 사업으로써 고부가가치 산업이다. 고령화로 인한 의약품 수요증가, 신약 R&D 투자성과 가시화, 바이오의약 중심의 R&D 변화, 전략적 해외 기술수출 확대, 정부의 적극적 지원으로 인하여 해외 시장 진출이 급속도록 가속화되고 있다. 따라서 국내 제약회사도 글로벌 제약기업으로써의 경쟁력을 강화하고 소비자들에게 신뢰 받을 수 있는 기업으로써의 이미지 구축이 절실하다. 이에 본 연구는 마케팅 수단으로써의 CI의 중요성을 인식하고 국내 제약회사의 CI 심벌마크 시각적 특징 분석과 연령대별 선호도를 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 심벌마크에 대한 선호도는 연령대가 높아질수록 제작년도가 오래된 심벌마크에 대한 선호도가 크게 높은 것으로 나타났으며 인지도와 비례하였다. 또한 픽처마크형 심벌마크가 워드마크 형태보다 절대적으로 선호되었다. 제약회사의 글로벌화를 위하여 기업 역시 대중의 인식변화에 대한 책임감이 요구되며 본 연구가 글로벌 경쟁력이 있는 국내 제약회사의 이미지 제고를 위한 아이덴티티 전략의 기초자료로써 심벌마크 개발 방향에 도움이 되기를 기대한다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2015

In this study, the Korean veterinary medical devices management system was evaluated relative to systems in the USA, EU, and Japan. Veterinary medical devices are regulated in Korea based on the Medical Appliance Act of 1997. This was initially supervised by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and Korea Animal Health Products Association, and subsequently by the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA) in 2000. These devices were classified approximately 1,400 categories as instruments, supplies, artificial insemination apparatus, and other categories. Each of these devices was assigned to four regulatory grades by the QIA in 2007. The ranking system for veterinary medical devices was implemented in 2014 with 820 products from 162 companies registered by that year. However, in vitro diagnostic devices (IVDDs) for animals were managed as medical devices and biological medicine. In vitro diagnostic reagents for treating infection diseases are not subjected to either a classification or grading system. Veterinary medical devices are currently exempt from good manufacturing practices (GMP) and device tracking requirements. Due to gradual growth of the domestic veterinary medical devices market since 2008, regulation of these devices should be improved with re-examination of IVDDs and GMP certification for the effective operating system.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1.1-1.3
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• 2022