• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.60-74
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• 2017

지리정보시스템(Geographic Information System: 이하 GIS)은 고병원성조류인플루엔자(Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: 이하 HPAI)의 예찰, 역학조사, 감염농장 관리, 예방적 살처분 실시, 청정화 진행 등 질병관리를 위한 전 과정에서 공간 위치정보의 관리와 표현 그리고 의사결정을 위한 도구로 활용될 수 있다. 우리나라에서도 2010-2011년 구제역 발생으로 큰 피해를 본 이후, GIS와 연계된 국가동물방역통합시스템(Korea Animal Health Integrated System: 이하 KAHIS)를 구축하여 가축전염병 관리를 시행하고 있다. 그러나 농장 및 축산관련 시설과 차량에 대한 관리 및 모니터링 수준의 KAHIS 방역통합시스템은 HPAI 예찰 및 방역에 역부족이다. 따라서 KAHIS시스템과 더불어 효율적 가축질병(HPAI) 관리를 위하여 본 연구를 실시하였다. 본 연구에서는 2014년 기준 HPAI 감염농장의 특성을 바탕으로 차후 HPAI 감염 가능 농장을 예측하였다. HPAI 감염농장 특징 분석을 위하여 권역별 HPAI-양성농장의 개수와 밀도 및 가금사육 두수를 조사하였다. 조사결과 HPAI-양성농장의 82.4%가 전라지역과 충청지역에 분포하고 있었다. 위 두 지역에 위치한 HPAI-양성농장(충청지역: $4.2{\pm}5.6$, 전라지역: $2.2{\pm}1.1$)은 HPAI-음성농장(충청지역: $1.8{\pm}1.5$, 전라지역: $1.7{\pm}0.7$)에 비하여 통계적으로 높은 밀도값을 보여주었다. 또한 HPAI-양성농장의 92.4%에서 가금두수 최소 6,537에서 최대 24,250를 사육하고 있었다. 위의 HPAI 감염농장 특징은 GIS Multiple Ring Butter(MRB) 기능을 이용하여 차후 HPAI 감염 가능 농장을 예측하는데 사용되었다. 분석결과 철새도래지 반경 30km(386개)와 35km(407개) 내 위치한 HPAI-양성농장의 수는 HPAI 확산 후 전국 감염농장(429개)과 유사한 값을 보여주었다. 또한 철새도래지 반경 30km 내 위치한 일반가금농장 중 하천 반경 1-1.5km와 지방도로 반경 1km에 중첩되는 지역에 위치한 일반가금농장의 개수(324-409개) 및 지리적 위치는 2014년 HPAI-양성농장의 개수(386개)와 90.0% 그리고 지리적 위치와 54.8%의 유사성을 보였다. 본 연구는 철새도래지의 위치정보와 가금농장의 위치 및 사육가금두수의 정보를 토대로 GIS분석을 통하여 앞으로 발생할 HPAI 발생농장에 대한 추이를 판단할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2013

목 적: 하지불안증후군에서의 인지기능 저하는 흔히 동반되는 수면박탈, 불안, 우울 등에 의해 영향을 받는다. 본 연구의 목적은 투약 받지 않고 있는 한국 노인 인구에서 하지불안증후군과 인지기능 저하와의 관련성을 동반 증상의 영향을 배제하고 살펴보는 것이다. 방 법: 연구대상은 25명의 투약 받고 있지 않은 한국 노인 하지불안증후군 환자군과 나이, 성별, 교육연한에 따라 짝지은 50명의 대조군이다. 모든 연구대상에 대해 CERAD-K 신경심리평가, 중증인지감퇴평가 척도, 전두엽 기능 평가, 그리고 시계 그리기 검사(CLOX)를 포함한 광범위한 인지기능 평가를 시행하였다. 또한 수면의 질 평가를 위해 피츠버그 수면의 질 지수(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), 우울증의 평가를 위해 노인우울척도(Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS)를 사용하였다. 결 과: 환자군과 대조군 사이의 PSQI와 GDS 점수의 차이는 없었다. 구성 재인 검사에서 환자군이 대조군에 비해 더 낮은 점수를 보였으며(t=-2.384, p=0.02), 이를 제외한 모든 영역의 인지기능 평가에서 환자군과 대조군의 유의미한 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 우울감이 있는 대상($GDS{\geq}10$)은 그렇지 않은 군에 비해 언어 유창성, 간이 정신상태 검사, 단어목록기억, 길 만들기 검사, 전두엽 기능 평가의 영역에서 유의한 인지기능 저하를 보였다. 수면의 질이 낮은 대상(PSQI>5)은 그렇지 않은 군에 비해 인지기능 평가의 전 영역에서 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론: 본 연구에서 하지불안증후군 환자군을 대조군과 비교한 결과 환자군은 불면과 우울의 영향을 배제하면 비교적 인지기능이 보존된 것으로 관찰되었다. 환자군에서 관찰되었던 시각 인지 영역의 저하는 하지불안증후군에서의 도파민 신경전달계의 장애와 연관하여 해석해 볼 수 있다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.241-247
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• 2012

목적: 본 연구는 녹내장과 대사증후군, 그리고 구성요소간의 상관성을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 방법: 제 3기(2005), 4기(2007-9), 5기(2010) 국민건강영양조사 자료에서 40세 이상 19,162 명을 대상으로 녹내장과 대사증후군, 그리고 구성요소(복부비만, 공복혈당장애, 높은 혈압, 이상지질혈증) 간의 연관성을 조사하였다. 로지스틱회귀분석을 통하여 인구학적, 생활방식 그리고 사회경제적 요인을 보정한 후 연관성을 평가하였으며, 녹내장의 위험과 대사약물복용간의 연관성을 평가하였다. 결과: 성별 및 연령을 보정한 로지스틱 회귀분석에서, 공복혈당장애(odds ratio (95% Confidence Interval): 1.78 (1.25, 2.53)) 및 대사증후군(1.45 (1.01, 2.08))이 있는 연구대상자가 그렇지 않은 연구대상자에 비해 유의하게 높은 녹내장 교차비를 보였고, 추가적으로 흡연, 음주, 규칙적 운동, 소득, 교육수준을 보정하였을 때 교차비는 더욱 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(공복혈당장애: 1.89 (1.29, 2.77), 대사증후군: 1.52 (1.03, 2.25)). 또한, 연구대상자가 가지고 있는 이상 대사증후군 요소의 수에 따른 녹내장의 유병률 증가는 경계적 유의성(borderline significant: age and sex adjusted p for trend = 0.055)을 보였다. 고혈압 치료제의 사용 역시 녹내장의 위험과 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 결론: 대사증후군 및 공복혈당장애는 녹내장과 유의한 상관관계가 있었고, 고혈압 치료제 사용 역시 녹내장과 유의한 상관관계가 있었다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제19권3호통권31호
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• pp.134-145
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• 2006

Objective : This study was carried out to investigate what type of assumption and conditions are needed for the application of various statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, regression analysis and chi-square test and to evaluate that they are used correctly in the research process. Methods : One more methods of statistical analysis were used in 91 papers among 162 papers selected from the journal of Korean oriental medical Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatology from April 2003 to December 2005. So we analysed the type of statistical analysis method in 91 papers(clinical and experimental study) and assessed the their validity of statistical techniques by the check list consisting of 34 items(3 items for validity assessment of descriptive statistics, 6 items for t-test, 7 items for analysis of variance, correlation analysis and regression analysis, respectively, 4 items for chi-square test) Results : 1. The type of 65(40%) cases is experimental trial, the type of 55(34%) cases is case report, the type of 26(16%) cases is clinical trial and the type of 16(10%) cases is review, in 91 papers using statistical techniques among 162 papers selected from the journal of Korean oriental medical Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatol-ogy from April 2003 to December 2005. 2. One more methods of statistical analysis were used in the experimental and clinical study. When we classified 125 units using statistical analysis methods in 91 papers according to statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, regression analysis and chi-square test, the number of independent sample t-test is 33(26%), the number of only descriptive statistics is 28(22%), the number of independent sample t-test is 33(26%), the number of only descriptive statistics is 28(22%), the number of one way ANOVA is 15(12%), the number of non-parametric test 10(8%). 3. After carrying out one way ANOVA, the number of using multiple comparison methods is 15(Scheffe:6(26%), Duncan:4(17%), Dunnett:3(13%), Tukey:2(9%)) out of 23 (total case carrying out one way ANOVA). 8(35%) out of 23 did not enforce multiple comparison methods after carrying out one way ANOVA. 4. From the assessment of validity about 63 cases using statistical techniques(except descriptive statistics), 5(8%) cases are proper, the other 58(92%) are improper, so we recognized a serious misuse of statistical application in our journal. 5. The number of case below 10 sample size in experimental and clinical study(except descriptive statistics) is 31(34%) and frequent. Also the number of case containing no mention of sample size is 41(45%, including culture study). 6. For example of statistical error, there are wrong choice of statistical technique, lack of check on standard assumption(such as standard distribution, equivariance, independence), and so on. Conclusions : We investigated the validity of statistical analysis methods in our journal by check list consisting of 34 items and suggested correct statistical analysis methods. We should practice the spread of education about statistical analysis methods and precis application, enhance objectivity and reliability of our thesis and further correspond with purpose of scientific study.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.685-698
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• 2023

본 연구는 한국인 인구집단에서 폭식행동, 음식중독을 식별하고, 해당 증상들이 비만 및 섭식행동, 정신건강, 인지적 특성과 어떠한 연관성을 보이는지 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 정상체중 및 비만체중에 해당하는 한국인 성인 257명을 대상으로 섭식문제(예: 폭식, 음식중독, 음식갈망), 정신건강(예: 우울), 인지기능(예: 충동성, 정서조절)에 관한 임상심리검사 척도를 측정하였다. 비만 여부와 성별에 따라 그룹을 나누었을 때, 비만체중 여성에서 폭식행동이 46.6%, 음식중독이 29.3%로 가장 빈도가 높았다. 성향점수 매칭 후 데이터로 독립성 검정을 수행한 결과, 폭식행동 및 음식중독이 비만체중 집단에서 정상체중 집단보다 더 많이 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 폭식행동과 음식중독 유무에 각 심리검사 척도 요인이 미치는 영향력을 파악하고자, 전진선택법을 적용한 로지스틱 회귀모델을 구축하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 폭식행동에는 섭식장애, 음식갈망, 상태불안, 정서조절(인지적 재해석) 및 음식중독이 주로 관여하였고, 음식중독에는 음식갈망, 폭식행동과 함께 비만과 연령의 교호작용, 교육년수가 유의하게 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 한국인 성인을 대상으로 한 체계적 연구로서, 폭식행동과 음식중독이 여성 및 비만인에서 특히 더 많이 나타남을 확인하였다. 폭식행동과 음식중독에는 일부 섭식문제(예: 음식갈망)가 공통되게 관여하나, 정신건강 및 인지적 위험요인에는 차이가 있었다. 따라서 음식중독과 폭식행동은 서로 구별되는 개념으로 두고, 각각의 기질적·환경적 위험요인을 깊이 있게 탐구하는 것이 필요하다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.175-192
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the care needs of family-caregivers to the patients with stroke. Subjects were 115 family-caregivers caring for the patients while they were in-patients or out-patients with stroke in two general hospitals and one oriental medicine hospital located in Seoul and Kwang-Ju. The instrument used for this study was made by the researcher on the basis of results of literature review and interviews with family-caregivers, composed of 35 items. Internal validity by calculation of cronbach's alpha with data of respondents was 0.91, which was regarded as high. The Data were analyzed by SAS program, with percentage, mean, t-test, and ANOVA. Factor structures of care needs of family-caregivers were elicited by factor analysis(PCA, Varimax rotation). Datum collection had been from July 1 to August 14, 1997. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The mean score of the sum of the care needs of family-caregivers was 3.96 and the highest-mean item was 'need for immediate care(M=4.77)', and the lowest-mean item was 'need for chaplian's visit (M=2.82)'. 2. Care needs of the family-caregivers were : Need to be informed of the disease, treatment and care ; need of education and assistance related to physical functional level ; need of social support and consultation ; need of management of nursing problem related to immobility ; need of appreciation ; need of the way to communicate with patients ; need of immediate care and help. The highest mean factor was the 'need for immediate care and help(M=4.74)', and the lowest mean factor was the 'need of appreciation(M=3.58)'. 3. The variables influencing the degree of care needs perceived by family-caregivers to the patients with stroke were as follows : There were significant differences between need to be informed of the disease, treatment and care and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's sex (p=.0178), caring period(p=.0223) and patient's suffering period(p=.0244). There were significant differences between need of education and assistance related to physical functional level and general characteristic factors, which were patient's paralysis(p=.0177), patient's ADL dependency(p=.0032). There were significant differences between need of social support and consultation and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's sex(p=.0055), occupation(p=.0159), religion(p=.0093) and patient's sex(p=.0134). There was significant difference in the degree of need of management of nursing problem related to immobility, according to the patient's ADL dependency(p=.0493). There were significant differences between need of appreciation and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's age(p=.0107), sex(p=.0133), and patient's age(p=.0338). There were significant differences between need of the way to communicate with patient and general characteristic factors, which were patient's paralysis(p=.0002) and aphasia(p=.0001). There were significant differences between need of immediate care and help and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's caring period(p=.0162) and patient's suffering period(p=.0116). 4. The mean score of patient's ADL dependency was 3. 38 and the highest-mean item was 'ascending and descending stairs(M=4.12)', and the lowest-mean item was 'drinking(M=2.60)'. There was no significant difference in the degrees of care needs related to the patient's ADL dependency. 5. The highest information source of family-caregivers was from the doctors about the disease, treatment and care(26.1%). The second highest one was from mass media(20.8%), and the third one was from the nurses. The above findings may be used as the basic data to seek more efficient way of elevating nursing practice and quality for family-caregivers to the patients with stroke.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.91-103
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to pave the way for the development of oral health promotion programs for children from the low-income class. The subjects in this study were 322 children from the city of Incheon. Some of them visited local childcare centers, and the others attended six different adjacent elementary schools. Their awareness of oral health, oral health behavior and preventive-treatment experience were investigated in May 2005, and whether there were any characteristics in their visit of dental institutions was checked. Besides, whether their parents advised them to brush their teeth before turning in was examined. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. 22.0 percent of the children investigated were visiting local childcare centers, and 78.0 percent weren't. The guardians of the former group largely received high-school(50.7%) and middle-school or lower education(22.5%), and those of the latter group mostly received high-school(41.0%) and college- or higher education(35.5%)(pE0.001). The common monthly mean house-hold income of the former was one million won or less(54.9%) or ranged from 1.01 to 2.00 million won(19.7%), and the most prevalent monthly mean household income of the latter was between 2.01 and 3.50 million won(28.7%). The second most dominant monthly mean household income of the latter ranged from 1.01 to 2.00 million won(28.3%), and the third most common one was 3.50 million won or more(12.0%)(pE0.001). 2. The most prevalent daily toothbrushing frequency among the local childcare center visitors was twice(39.4%), followed by three times(19.7%). The third largest group of the visitors brushed their teeth after each meal(19.7%). The most dominant daily toothbrushing frequency among the non-users of local child care centers was twice(54.2%), followed by three times(29.1%)(pE0.01). As to the way of toothbrushing, 58.2 percent of the visitors and 74.9 percent of the non-visitors brushed their teeth by turning their toothbrush or up and down(pF0.05). 62.0 percent of the former and 74.9 percent of the latter always brushed their teeth before turning in, and whether they visited local childcare centers made a significant difference to that(pE0.05). 3. 69.7 percent of the non-visitors were always advised by their parents to do toothbrushing before turning in, and the visitors who were given the same advice all the time numbered 29.6 percent(pE0.001). 4. 56.4 percent of the visitors and 72.1 percent of the non-visitors had ever visited dental institutions over the past year. Dental hospitals and clinics were identified as the dental institutions that they visited the most, and they mostly received dental-caries treatment or had a tooth out there. 49.3 percent of the visitors and 35.1 percent of the non-visitors had ever had a toothache. 5. Sealant was experienced by 42.3 percent of the visitors and 46.2 percent of the non-visitors to prevent dental caries(pF0.05). 33.8 percent of the visitors underwent fluoride application, and that rate was higher than that of the non-visitors with the same experience that stood at 22.7 percent(pE0.05). The visitors mainly acquired knowledge on oral health through other channels that weren't specified in the questionnaire(28.2%), and the non-visitors did it mostly at dental clinics(39.0%)(pE0.001).

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.929-939
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify knowledge of universal precautions and its performance in practice. The research was conducted from November 2 to 30, 1998. A total 515 student nurses ; 249 from a baccalaureate nursing college and 266 from second and third year of a 3-year community nursing college were surveyed. The results are as following : 1. The average score for universal precautions knowledge was 270.41$\pm$19.43/300(range 150-300). The results showed that 99.2% of students avoid injury from used needles, 98.6% answered that they always wash their hands if they had contact with the patient's blood and they always dispose of used needles in special collectors (97.7%) for needles. But, 39.2% responsed that they dispose of used needles after recapping them. 2. The average score for universal precautions knowledge of the senior students in the 4-year college was the highest (277.65$\pm$13.99). 3. The average score for the performance of universal precautions knowledge was 53.18 $\pm$5.91(range 14-70). The items : ‘I cautiously avoid injury from the used needles’(4.92$\pm$0.33), ‘I always wash my hands if there has been contact with the patient's blood’(4.91$\pm$0.34), and ‘I always disposed of used needles in the appropriate collector’(4.89$\pm$0.42) showed the highest performance. However ‘I always dispose of used needles after recapping them’(2.19$\pm$1.39) and ‘I always use protection goggles when in danger of contamination’(2.19$\pm$1.20) showed low performance level. 4. The highest average score for universal precautions performance was shown among the second year students in 3-year nursing college (54.19$\pm$6.92) between the groups. It showed that the level of the universal precautions performance was higher for those who had education on university precautions prior to performance of the universal precautions than for those without any prior education. 5. The percentage of students who reported the experience of direct contact with patients' blood and/or body fluids was 42.30%. The experience of direct contact with blood and/or body fluids of the educational group was significantly higher than those were not educated. 6. The most frequent cause of the direct contact was ‘needle pricking and/or skin cut’(63.04%). The most frequent substance with which the students contact was ‘blood’(59.85%). The majority of the sample had answered that the mode of contamination was ‘unknown’(63.54%). The majority of the sample answered that strategies used after contamination included ‘washing with soap’(33.61%). Reviewing the chart of patients or asking other health professionals(28.85%). 7. The number of students who had the experience of a needle stick and/or skin cut was 145(28.16%). The clinical practice places where the incidents occurred were mainly in the internal medicine unit (45.07%) and the surgical unit (31.92%) followed by the intensive care unit and the emergency unit in order. The experience of a needle stick and/or skin cut happened during on intra-muscular injection 47.34% and intravenous injection 21.81%. The causes of the needle stick and/or skin cut were ‘putting the needle cap back on 77(35.81%)’. The number of students who took an appropriate post management blood test and/or vaccination was 27(18.62%). 8. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the knowledge of universal precautions and performance of universal precautions in practice showed a positive correlation.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.463-472
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• 1998

과학교육의 목표는 학생들의 과학적 지식, 탐구력, 과학적 태도를 최대한 육성하는데 있으며, 그 중에서도 과학적 개념의 올바른 이해는 과학교육의 중요한 과제 중에 하나라고 할 수 있다. 다가오는 21세기는 '생물학의 시대'라고도 불리며, 특히 생명공학 분야는 정보매체를 통하여 대중에게 많이 소개되고 있다. 그러나 대중에게 이러한 개념이 전달될 때에 시간과 공간상의 제약으로 또는 정보전달 시 그 응용에 중점을 두게 되므로 학생들은 '생명 공학'의 기본 개념에 대해 학습하기 이전에 많은 잘못된 선행개념을 가질 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 '생명공학'의 기본개념에 대한 학생들의 이해도를 조사하여 오개념을 분석하였다. 또한 교사의 이해도와 교과서의 내용을 분석하여, 교과서와 교사가 학생의 오개념형성에 원인으로 작용하는 지를 알아보았다. 연구 대상은 서울과 경기지역의 고등학교 2학년 학생으로 남학생이 238명, 여학생이 248명으로 총 486명 이었으며 서울지역의 20개 고등학교에서 표집된 생물교사가 22명 이었다. 이해도 검사 도구로 총 20개 문항으로 구성된 선다형 지필검사지가 개발되었으며 검사문항의 내용타당도는 75.7%였다. 생명공학에 대한 이해도가 학생의 성별, 지역별, 계열별로 차이가 있는지, 교사의 성별, 경력별로 차이가 있는지 알아보기 위하여 이원변량분석을 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합하여 내린 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 생명공학의 기본개념에 대한 학생들의 이해도 점수는 평균 41점으로 학생들은 생명공학의 기본개념을 잘 이해하지 못하였다. 이해도 점수는 계열별, 지역별로 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 없었으나 성별에 따라 차이를 보였다 (p<0.05). 2. 학생들은 단일클론항체와 유전자클로닝에 대해 잘 이해하지 못했으며 플라즈미드 DNA가 이미 유용한 유전자를 포함하고 있다는 오개념을 가지고 있었다. 3. 교사의 이해도 점수는 평균 82점으로 교사들은 생명공학의 기본개념을 잘 이해하고 있었으며, 이해도 점수는 경력별, 성별에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. (p<0.05). 4. 교사들은 유전자치료법, 생명공학이나 유전공학 기술로 의학과 농학에서 가능해진 사실들, 플라즈미드 DNA 에 대하여 잘 이해하지 못하여 학생들의 개념이해에 영향을 주었을 것으로 사료된다. 5. "공통과학"교과서에는 조사된 18개의 생명공학의 기본개념중 10개의 개념만이 비교적 잘 제시되어 있었으므로 교과서에 제시된 내용만으로는 그 기본개념을 이해하는데 어려움이 있다고 생각된다.

• 가정간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2004

The home health care industry has grown rapidly and can be expected to continue to grow in the foreseeable future. Home health care refers to the practice of nursing applied to clients with a health condition in the clients place of residence. clients and their designated care givers are the focus at home health nursing practice. The goal of care is to initiate. manage and evaluate the resources needed to promote the clients optimal level of well-being and function. Nursing activities necessary to achieve this goal may warrant preventive maintenance and restorative emphases to prevent potential problems from developing. Many project program were suggested home health care model for Korea's health care system and policy direction for expansion and establishment of home health care .But the aim of this paper is to provide on overview for theoretical frame work in home health care. Theories and conceptual frameworks or models are important nursing because they define and guide the boundaries of professional practice and identify key nurse-patient-caregiver relationships that emerge with caring. Following is the research with an investigation of the literature review in the University of Arizona international medline database, In conclusion, are as followers: First, many nursing theorists have had a tremendous impact on nursing practice. the following highlights those nursing theorists that are particularly helpful in understanding home health care. 1. Florence Nightingale : Our earliest theoretical legacy. Nightingale's believes are reflected in basic infection control practice such as hand washing and infectious waste disposal and are key nursing interventions in home care. 2. Martha Roger's :Science of unitary human beings theory. Rorger's believed that the focus of shared. non invasive healing modelities is the human environmental field rather than direct physical care. These modelities continue to evolve as our awareness (reflecting greater diversity, faster rhythms, motions, and ways of knowing) transcends time and space, allowing individuals to get in touch with their integral nature of unbroken wholeness. On people as ever changing energy fields have special relevance in home care especially with hospice and palliative care applications. 3. Madeline Leininger's; Transcultural nursing theory. Home care nurses move through a variety of communities and often care for patients from different cultural back grounds. Therefore Leininger's work has a good that with home care because home care nursing practice is very culturally focused. 4. Dorothea Orem's : Self care deficit theory. Orem's theory views care as something to be performed by both nurses and patients. The role of the nurse is to provide education and support that help patients acquire the necessary activities to perform self-care. Orem's theory is foundational to have care because it begins to truly acknowledge the role of the patient in managing his or her own health. which is referred to as self-care. 5. Margaret Neuman's; Health as expending consciousness theory. Neuman believes that health compasses disease and reflects an underlying pattern of person-environment interaction. A key application of 'Neuman's work to home care is for nurses to understand that health and illness do not necessarily exist at opposite ends of a continuum. 6. Jean Watson's: Theory of human caring. Watson's theory of human caring in nursing proposes human caring as the moral ideal of nursing. Nurses participate human caring to protect, enhance and preserve humanity by assisting individuals to fing meaning in illness. pain and existence and to help others gain self knowledge. self control. and self healing such thinking lends richness to theory development. as well as clinical practice in home care. Second, Robin Rice : Dynamic self determination for self care. (A theoretical framework for home care) Dynamical self determination for self care can be useful to home care nurses in a variety of ways. As research tool it can be reflected in the interview process when the home visit. The home care nurse's role is that of facilitator of patient self-determination for self care through numerous strategies. including patient education and case management.