• Iberoamérica
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-31
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• 2021

The main purpose of this study is to examine the use of 'a gente' in Portuguese, and to discuss what to consider educationally. We examined the origin and style of 'a gente', grammaticalization process phase, personalization level, and variations in use in terms of linguistic and social aspects, and confirmed that 'a gente' is showing an increasingly high frequency of use in Brazil. And in order to find educational considerations, we observed how 'a gente' was handled in Portuguese textbooks for foreigners, and analyzed data obtained through interviews with three Korean students studying Portuguese in Brazil. Considering the importance and frequency of use of 'a gente', which is used in the third-person singular form, the section about 'a gente' in grammar and textbooks seems to be very insufficient. Therefore, the contents of textbooks that do not correspond to the actual use of language should be actively revised according to changes in the reality of language use. In addition, the instructor should not be bound by traditional use, but must include 'a gente' in the personal pronoun section of the textbook for efficient education, and actively reflect the more practical usage to educate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2008.06c
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• pp.236-241
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• 2008

This paper discusses a Korean-English machine translation method using expression patterns. The expression patterns are defined for the purpose of aligning Korean expressions with appropriate English expressions in semantic and expressive senses. This paper also argues to develop a new Korean syntax analysis method using agglutinative characteristics of Korean language, expression pattern concept, sentence partition concept, and incorporation of semantic structures as well in the parsing process. We defined a simple Korean grammar to show the possibility of new Korean syntax analysis method.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.33
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• pp.359-384
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• 2013

There is linguistic phenomenon that Korean syllable, morpheme and word are substituted with Chinese Character. These phenomenon is called Chinese Character Borrowing, the Chinese character used here is called Borrowed Chinese Character. Whereas borrowing Chinese character in Chinese is used for borrowing only sound for different word, borrowing Chinese character in Korean is used for assigning new meaning. Hence, by borrowing Chinese character in Korean, a syllable which had no meaning originally get new meaning, morpheme and word meaning has changed. At advertisement and campaign, Chinese Character Borrowing has lots of linguistical advantage such as visual immediacy, effectiveness of meaning expression. However, there are number of cases found that violate grammar rule and word constitution practice by Chinese Character Borrowing. For this reason, Chinese Character Borrowing has the problem polluting Korean along with another foreign words. Thus, this paper focus on study Chinese Character Borrowing phenomenon in Korean, and analysis its effectiveness and impact in Korean. In addition, analysis the problem of Borrowed chinese Character, and suggestion several alternative for right use of Korean is followed.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

This study examined the spontaneous utterances of 20 1-2 year old Korean-Chinese children in Yanji, China by videotaping their spontaneous natural speech during interaction with his/her caregiver for 30 minutes on 4 separate occasions. Utterances were transcribed and coded by nominative and accusative case markers; then analyzed by grammatical functions. Results showed that the order and pattern of the acquisition of the case marking system of Korean-Chinese bilinguals differed from that of Korean monolinguals. Bilinguals used the accusative marker -lul earlier than the nominative marker-ka and overextended the accusative marker more often than the nominative marker. These results are consistent with those of Gathercole (in press) who found that bilingual children differed from monolinguals in mastering grammar.

• Language and Information
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

Natural language string sets are known to require a grammar with a generative capacity slightly beyond that of Context Free Grammars. Proofs regarding complexity of natural language have involved particular properties of languages like English, Swiss German and Bambara. While it is not very difficult to prove that Korean is more complex than the simplest of the many infinite sets, no proof has been given of this in the literature. I identify two types of center embedding in Korean and use them in proving that Korean is not a regular set, i.e. that no FSA's can recognize its string set. The regular language i salam i (i salam ul$)^j$ michi (key ha)^k$ essta is intersected with Korean, to give {i salam i (i salam ul$)^j$ michi (key ha$)^k$ essta i $$\mid$$ j, k $\geq$ 0 and j $\leq$ k}. This latter language is proved to be nonregular. As the class of regular sets is closed under intersection, Korean cannot be regular.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.177-186
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• 2002

Korean predicative verb forms obligatorily denote the three categories speech level, mood and sentence type which are not handled by most of the automatic word form recognition systems for this language. These categories are marked by special endings. This paper examines predicative verb forms concentrating on the lexical description of these endings in the framework of Left-Associative Grammar (LAG). Additionally this paper suggests a system to analyse verb forms in these aspects. The results of this study have been implemented using Malaga$^2$ and integrated into an automatic word form recognition system for Korerin called KMM (Korean Malaya Morphology).

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.157-175
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to compare learners' view on Korean and native teachers of English with regard to competence of teaching skills. A total of 166 high school students attending the same high school in Korea participated in a questionnaire survey. The students were asked a series of questions about their five Korean teachers of English and three natives. The analysis of the results indicates that the learners believed Korean English teachers would be better in teaching vocabulary, grammar and reading than native English teachers. The learners answered native English teachers would be better in teaching speaking, listening, and writing. In the areas of the accuracy of classroom language, the level of teacher-centeredness, and the amount of cultural information given in a classroom, there were no significant differences in the learners' responses between Korea and native teacher of English. By recognizing the differences of the learners' views on two different types of ELT teachers, we suggest that it would be beneficial for learners if we would utilize their views in designing and administrating a team-teaching program.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.228-232
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• 2007

In this paper we propose comparison of both verb and noun endings between Korean and Mongolian languages. It is based on the similarity between two languages which have the same sentence structures and their eomi and josa structure. Korean verb and noun endings match into those of corresponding Mongolian endings. Josa and eomi are classified as a one-to-one, a one-to-many, and a many-to-many cases as well as some abnormal cases. In order to encourage development of Korean to Mongolian machine translation system, this paper would introduce one of the significant units in grammar.

• Language and Information
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.177-213
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• 1998

conflicting criterial used in identifying words have called the lexical integrity principle into question. That is, cases where the morphological word does not coincide with the syntactic word have notivated the syntactic view of word derivation, as pointed out by Bresnan and Mchombo(1995). Further, the implicit desire to make the clausal structure of Korean parallel to those posited for English(Chomsky 1991) and French(Pollock 1989) has also led most of the current literature on Korean morphology to claim that Korean verbal inflections head their own functional projections such as AgrP, TP, and MP im syntax. In this paper, I will first argue against such a syntactic view. After reviewing some basic properties of Korean verbal inflections, I will show that the evidence from mismatch phenomena supports the lexical integrity principle over the head-movement theories of word derivation. Then, I will propose a theory of lexical grammar which maintains the lexical integrity principle while retaining the effects of functional projections and syntactic movement.

• Language and Information
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.47-57
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• 2009

It has been observed that not all negative polarity items (NPIs) are licensed in the same negative contexts, and different NPIs may be licensed by different negative expressions. This shows that Ladusaw's (1979) downward entailment is not precise enough to account for the distributional patterns of NPIs (van der Wouden, 1997; van der Wouden and Zwarts, 1993; Zwarts, 1986, among others). One well-known attempt to deal with this issue is to divide negative expressions into several subtypes. Using boolean semantics, Zwarts (1986; 1998) distinguishes three kinds of downward entailing licensors and accounts for heterogeneous NPI-licensing conditions by means of the semantic strength of negative expressions. This approach has been adopted to define Korean negation (Nam, 1994; Chung, 1993; Chung, 1997; Hwang, 2009). In this paper, however, we argue that the boolean semantic approach for negation is not adequate in characterizing the properties of Korean negative expressions and explaining the contexts of licensing Korean NPIs.