• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.169-187
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• 1995

Contemporary US metropolitan areas have undergone divergent economic transformation, and as a result labor markets have become the focus of concern in their role as determinants of earnings attainment. Explanations of individual earnings attainmnent as a lobor market outcome have been established in two diafferent stances one who emphasizes personal or group attributes in the human capital perspective and the other who emphasizes economic structure in the labor market segmentation perspective. While remaining at the conceptual level and yet relatively unexplored, the importance of place in labormarket operation is a significant advancement as it appears in labor market areas and local labor markets considering that labor market areas represent the intersection of labor market structure and individual labor market experiences at specific geographic places. The substantive inquiry of this study was to explore labor market characteristics and their differentiation across large metropolitan areas, and assess their effects on the individual earnings attainment. Integating individual attributes and labor market characteristics as major factors of labor market operation, this study intended to contextualize individual earnings attainment with geographic labor market areas. Using 1990 US population census 5% "Public-Use Microdata Samples, " the largest 65 metropolitan areas were first selected and employed male workers who are aged between 25 and 50 for whites, blacks, asians, and hispanics. As an initial step earnings differentials between racial/ethnic groups and selected 65 metropolitan areas were examined using analysis of variance, and then earnings differentials were attributed to the individual attributes such as education, age, and immigration status, and four dimensions of metropolitan labor market differentiation devised by principal component analysis of industrial and occupational segments: Public versus Blue Collar Core(CS1), Finance-Core Utility versus Blue Collar Local Monopoly (CS2), Oligopoly versus Blue Collar Periphery(CS3), and Self Employed-White Collar Periphery versus Low-Skill Core(CS4). As a final analysis, individual earnings were related to each individual attribute and its interaction with metropolitan labor market characteristics to examine how the differentiated metropolitan labor market characteristics alter the role of individual attributes on earnings attainment. The findings indicated that individual attributes, education in particular exert significant effects on earnings attainment, but their effects were significantly altered by metropolitan labor market characterristics. Particularly important dimensions were: Oligopoly differentiated from Blue Colla Periphery metropolitan areas enhancing earnings returns to individual attributes for all groups but minority groups (black, asians, hispanics) rely more on this, and Finance-Core Utility differentiated from Blue Collar Local Monopoly metropolitan areas provide higher earnings returns to whites exclusively. These findings suggest that individuals with identical individual attributes involving racial/ethnic categories would have different earnings atteinments depending on the metropolitan labor market characteristics where they reside. Referring back to the major traditions of the human capital and the labor market segmentation in labor market research, the interaction between individual attributes and metropolitan labor market haracteristics on earnings attainment highlights the complimentary nature of the two on earnings determination in particular geographic places, Hence, labor market characteristics differentiatcd across metropolitan areas are an integral part of labor market operation which should be considered for the explanation of individual earnings attainment and racial/ethnic group earnings differentials. Gcographic places are the important contexts for labor market segmentation and individual labor market experiences. In conclusion, this study brings geographic labor markets to the forefront in the examination of individuals' earnings attainments. The empirical vaidation of the role of metropolitan labor market charecteristics on earnings attainment, while exploratory contributes towards a broader perspective of geographic labor market research that recognizes that individuals' labor market experiences are intertwined with geographic contexts of labor market operatin. operatin.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.135-149
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• 2020

As youth employment has become a social issue every year, the government is pushing for policies to support youth start-ups to create jobs voluntarily as a way to enhance the youth employment rate. In the case of young people in Gangwon Province, the number of people moving to other regions is increasing. This research is intended to empirically analyze the actual achievements of youth start-ups through the 'Youth Start-up Project' in Gangwon-do. It was divided into four categories: participation in government support, education completion, intellectual property right retention, and certification retention, which are characteristics of start-up companies, and hypotheses that they will have a positive impact on start-up performance (sales amount, duration of existence, or whether they are retained or not). Age and geographical factors (Yeongdong and Yeongseo) were injected as control variables to see how they affect them. Furthermore, empirical analysis was conducted by setting up a hypothesis that the characteristics of start-up companies and subsequent support between start-up performance would have a positive intermediary effect. The research results showed that the remaining characteristics, except for education completion, had a positive impact on sales, and that the more participation in government projects, the longer the duration of the company's existence. In addition, the level of participation in government support projects was significant in the direction of the government. The analysis results of the parameter, follow-up support, had a positive impact on the start-up performance, and the subsequent support mediating effect showed the mediating effect of the start-up performance, except for geographical factors. The results of this study suggest the need for customized support suitable for the characteristics of youth start-ups in order to enhance the performance of young start-ups. Support agencies need to refer to corporate characteristics for smooth management and selection. In the Gangwon-do area, the government should seek to provide timely and organic support for start-up companies in order to produce successful start-up cases.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.3514-3523
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• 2009

Before 1990's, Korea had only few colleges that had film and film related majors. As Korean film industry started its marvelous improvement in both commercial and artistic phase, many colleges were interested in this new academic field. They hurried up to launch this new and profitable major; as a result, Korea now has more than hundred colleges and universities that has film related majors. Each college enumerates numbers of academic courses that may look reasonable; they have almost every course a fine film school should provide such as film theory, production, and performance in film. Lots of film schools offer lots of film courses; and they look alike. One unique thing in film major is its vast sub fields and categories. After you decide to study film, you have to select what specific field in film you want to study. Studying film theory and film production can be as different as majoring physics and physical education. The problem Korean colleges are dealing with is that there are too much film schools, and moreover those colleges have similar curriculums that just look like a department store that sells everything. One suggestion is specializing its curriculum in which the school can take advantages using their special conditions. San Francisco Art Institute is one of United States well known private film schools, but many people remember this school as a specialized film school in experimental film. San Francisco where this school is located has had many liberal and experimental artists as the city has been supporting and offering them an environment they can concentrate their work. Naturally, the school has world famous faculty members in experimental film, and students who want to study and make experimental film come to this school from all over the world because they know this school would be the best to study experimental film. There are many film schools in metro Los Angeles area; since its location near Hollywood, no wonder these schools concentrate on film producing and film production. They take advantage of their geographical location to hire film industry professional and to focus on commercial feature film productions. What we can do now to adjust the curriculum in film and film related major in Korean colleges is to adapt new standards in this changed film industry. One school can emphasize digital production while another school focuses on digital intermediate process. But if one school tries to both fields or all fields of film major just like we have done so far, the school could not take care of all the equipment and the faculty that the fields would need. Korean film schools should devide the field in film major and concentrate what they selected. Selection and concentration can be and should be applied in Korean film schools.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.732-743
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• 2005

The characteristics of precipitation over South Korea from 1973 to 2002 were investigated. The synoptic patterns inducing precipitation are classified by 10 categories, according to the associated surface map analysis. The annual mean frequency of the total precipitation, its duration time and amount for 30 years are 179 times, 2.9 hours, and 7.1 mm, respectively. About $59\%$ of the total precipitation events were associated with a synoptic low. The dominant patterns are identified with respect to seasons: A synoptic mobile low pressure pattern is frequent in spring, fall, and winter, whereas low pressure embedded within the Changma and orography induced precipitation are dominant in summer and in winter. For the amount of precipitation, precipitation originated from tropical air associated with typhoon, tropical convergence, and Changma is more significant than that with other pressure patterns. The statistical elapse time reaching to 80 mm, which is the threshold amount of heavy rainfall watch at KMA, takes 12.9 hours after the onset of precipitation. The probability distribution function of the precipitation shows that the maximum probability for heavy rainfall is located at the south-coastal region of the Korean peninsula. It is also shown that the geographical distribution of the Korean peninsula plays an important role in occurrence of heavy rainfall. For example, heavy precipitation is frequently occurred at Youngdong area, when typhoon passes along the coastal region of the back borne mountains in the peninsula. The climatological classification of synoptic patterns associated with heavy rainfall over South Korea can be used to provide a guidance to operational forecast of heavy rainfall in KMA.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.4
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• pp.371-381
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• 2020

The Ministry of Environment (ME) is planning to adopt in 2020 the IUCN regional Red List for "Guidelines for listing and delisting rare & endangered species and management of endangered Species System". The ME designated 377 species of vascular plants on the regional Red List. In a previous study it had been suggested that 103 species from this list are candidates for the regional Red List. With respect to a possible Red List, we assessed 59 species (after excluding 34 additional NA species and ten endemic species). These assessments indicated that 16 species are at the "threatened" level. Of those, one species is Critically Endangered, ten are Endangered, and five are Vulnerable. A further four species are classified as Near Threatened, 30 as Of Least Concern, and nine as Data Deficient. We found that most of the assessments proposed by the Ministry of Environment were not supported by scientific data, including quantitative geographic data (over 70%) in Criteria B. In order to determine the endangered species belonging to the orchid family, it is necessary to obtain records of illegal activities or data on overcollection. The current problem with the Ministry of Environment Red List has been the lack of management of scientific data on species showing a trend in decreasing population in the mid- to long-term; thus, there is a lack of critical resources for policy-makers. The ME legally designated categories and assessment, and the lack of expertise in failing to comply with the legal law by itself. The key to presenting an accurate overview of the state of Korean flora is to fill the information gaps with respect to significant geographical and taxonomical biases in the quality and quantity of data. By regularly updating the qualified data, we will be able to track the changes in the conservation status of the flora and inform the necessary conservation policies.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.137-187
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• 2005

This thesis study of the medical concept Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) is discussed in the Lei Jing Fu Yi (類經附翼), a book authored by Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) a medical doctor during the Chinese Ming (明) dynasty (1368-1683). The meaning of Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) is "searching for the rightness." In his book Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) intended to clarify Qiu Zheng Lu (求正錄) by delineating the concept into four categories. These are: Sanjiao Baoluo Mingmen Bian (三焦包絡命門 辨) the theory of the triple warmer, the Pericardium, the Gate of Life ; Da Bao Lun (大寶論) the theory of the great treasure of the human body; Zhen Yin Lun (眞陰論) the theory of true-yin fluid; and Shi Er Zang Mai Hou Bu Wei Lun (十二臟脈候部位論) the theory of the part of the pulse and its condition in regards to the twelve viscera. Sanjiao Baoluo Mingmen Bian (三焦包絡命門辨), the theory of the triple warmer, the Pericardium, the Gate of Life. The triple warmer (三焦: Sanjiao) is composed of three parts: the upper, middle, and lower. This concept is also connected with the functions and roles of the vital organs. The upper burner is related to the heart and lungs. The middle burner is related to the liver and spleen. Whereas, the lower burner is related to the kidneys. Bao-Luo (包絡) is the Pericardium, the envelope of the heart, serving as the protector of the heart. Ming-Men (命門) is the Gate of Life, reffering to the vitals of life. It functions as kidney-yang which is considered as the origin of yang-energy of the human body, and serves partly as the function of cortico-adrenal gland in modern medicine. Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) discussed the Da Bao Lun (大寶論) as the most important function in the human body because the Da Bao (大寶/great treasure) is the true-yang (眞陽) which is the affective force for physiological functions, and as the source of energy for life activities. Moreover, true-yang (眞陽) functions both as a heater and thermometer that warms the human body and indicates vitality by levels of body warmth respectively. The Zhen Yin Lun (眞陰論) theory states that if true-yang (眞陽) is energy, then true-yin (眞陰) is the source of energy. This can be likened to a tree with roots which absorbs nutrients from the ground (source), and spreads the nutrients (energy) through its branches. Thus, true-yin (眞陰) is the root cause for later functional activities of true-yang (眞陽). In Shi Er Zang Mai Hou Bu Wei Lun (十二臟脈候部位論) the theory of the pulse (脈 /Mai) and its condition in regards to the twelve viscera, Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) insisted that when a diagnoses by the pulse is made the five vital organs and the six viscera (五臟六腑) of a human body should be harmoniously arranged in accordance with its respective part of the pulse. Furthermore, Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) supported his theory with evidence from earlier Chinese medical doctors. And, by stating that human beings must cultivate and preserve their true-yin (眞陰) and true-yang (眞陽) energies he therefore created four new prescriptions called: Zuoguiyin (左歸飮), Youguiyin (右歸飮), Zuoguiwan (左 歸丸), Youguiwan (右歸丸). To further clarify his theory Zhang Jie Bin (張介賓) considered that the function of true-yang (眞陽) and true-yin (眞陰) is expressed by Ming-Men (命門). This theory is that for humans to be spiritually and physically healthy they must live in accord with natural law. Also, within the framework of natural law, astronomical and geographical factors must be considered for complete, holistic, health. Thus, Ming-Men is the basis for healthy living in the modern world.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the vegetation characteristics of ridges (Gyeongsusan-Seonunsan-Gaeipalsan) in the Seonunsan Provincial Park and to establish reference information for the management of the park in the future. We designated 62 plots with the area of $100m^2$ were installed and analyzed them to investigate the vegetation characteristics. The results of community classification based on TWINSPAN showed seven categories of vegetation communities in the surveyed region: Quercus dentata-Deciduous broad-leaved Community, Quercus variabilis-Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata Community, Pinus densiflora Community, Deciduous broad-leaved Community-I, Carpinus tschonoskii-Castanea crenata-Quercus aliena Community, Deciduous broad-leaved Community-II, and Carpinus tschonoskii-Carpinus laxiflora Community. In the vegetation of Seonunsan Provincial Park, coniferous trees such as Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora have been gradually losing their population as part of ecological succession to deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp., Carpinus tschonoskii, and Carpinus laxiflora. Moreover, Carpinus turczaninowii, Mallotus japonicus, and others were identified as vegetation reflecting the geographical characteristics of the region neighboring the west coast. The estimated age is 30-60 years, and the oldest tree Pinus densiflora is 63-years old. The index of diversity ($100m^2$) was 0.7942 for Carpinus tschonoskii-Carpinus laxiflora Community, 0.8406 for Carpinus tschonoskii-Castanea crenata-Quercus aliena Community, 0.8543 for Quercus dentata-Deciduous broad-leaved Community, 0.9434 for Quercus variabilis-Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata Community, 0.9520 for Deciduous broad-leaved Community-I, 0.9633 for Pinus densiflora Community, and 1.0340 for Deciduous broad-leaved Community-II in the ascending order.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.23-42
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• 2006

This is a study of the digital archives of Culturecontent.com where 'Cultural Archetype Contents' are currently in service. One of the major purposes of our study is to point out problems in the current system and eventually propose improvements to the digital archives. The government launched a four-year project for developing the cultural archetype content sources and establishing its related business with the hope of enhancing the nation's competitiveness. More specifically, the project focuses on the production of source materials of cultural archetype contents in the subjects of Korea's history. tradition, everyday life. arts and general geographical books. In addition, through this project, the government also intends to establish a proper distribution system of digitalized culture contents and to control copyright issues. This paper analyzes the digital archives system that stores the culture content data that have been produced from 2002 to 2005 and evaluates the current system's weaknesses and strengths. The summary of our findings is as follows. First. the digital archives system does not contain a semantic search engine and therefore its full function is 1agged. Second, similar data is not classified into the same categories but into the different ones, thereby confusing and inconveniencing users. Users who want to find source materials could be disappointed by the current distributive system. Our paper suggests a better system of digital archives with text mining technology which consists of five significant intelligent process-keyword searches, summarization, clustering, classification and topic tracking. Our paper endeavors to develop the best technical environment for preserving and using culture contents data. With the new digitalized upgraded settings, users of culture contents data will discover a world of new knowledge. The technology we introduce in this paper will lead to the highest achievable digital intelligence through a new framework.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.6 s.122
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• pp.325-333
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• 2004

Birds were censused to investigate the composition of landscape structure for bird diversity around Ulsan between May and November 2002. Associations with three main categories of habitat variables were evaluated: 1) amount and type of forest; 2) residual habitats not classified as forest or crops; 3) land-use variables. Cluster analysis of bird community shows the highest forest variables of $79.06\%$, and the others are residual habitat variables ($17.98\%$), land-use variables ($2.94\%$) in spring, and forest variables of $57.77\%$, land-use variables ($23.16\%$), residual habitat variables ($18.47\%$) in autumn, respectively. In Principal Component Analysis of a total of 196 sites, the populations are strongly correlated to Component I ($54.8\%$) based forest habitats and to Component II based on land-use. Species preferring sites were clearly separated with heterogenous forest along the first axis. In autumn, the populations are moderately correlated to Component I based land-use and to component II based forest habitats. Species preferring local habitats were also clearly separated. Fifty three species of 1,700 birds were recorded: Brown-eared Bulbul, Vinous-throated Parrotbill, Great Tit, Tree Sparrow and Black-billed Magpie accounted for over $60\%$ of the observed birds in spring and autumn. The important species were Brown-eared Bulbul, Vinous-throated Parrotbill, Great Tit and Tree Sparrow in spring and autumn. Four habitats in terms of their species richness were computed as follows: Wonhyosan has the highest an expected species number, $E[S_{59}]=19$. Moonsusan has the lowest expected species number, $E[S_{59}]=17$ in spring. In autumn, Kuenamsan has the highest expected species number, $E[S_{63}]=16$. Moonsusan has the lowest expected species number, $E[S_{63}]=12$. Pairwise similarity declined with increasing distance between recording site and recording site from Moonsusan-Wonhyosan (0.62), the same geographical regions clustered separately in a UPGMA cluster tree in spring, and in autumn from Moonsusan-ChungJoksan (0.53).