• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of food habits on blood components level(blood glucose, uric acid, hemoglobin, some lipids levels) and health condition in Taejon. The study was conducted with 250 subjects (male 130, female120) who visited in a general hospital from May to June in 1997. Questionaires were used for food habits. The data were analyzed by using $x^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA and multiple range test. Results were summerized s follow : mean of Broca Index were 110.0 $\pm$13.7% in male, 110.6$\pm$16.6% in female. Mean values of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were 130.9$\pm$17.6mmHg, 76.2$\pm$12.6mmHg, respectively. The systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in man than woman, Mean serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were 202.8$\pm$40.2, 121.1$\pm$35.5, 50.3$\pm$12.9, 157.1$\pm$112.6mg/dl, respectively. Triglyceride level was significantly higher in man than woman. But HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in man than woman. And also, the value of LPH and AI were higher in man. So Man has more risk of atherogenesis than woman. Mean values of blood sugar, uric acid and hemoglobin was 102.7$\pm$1.36mg/dl and 14.1$\pm$1.56g/dl were higher in man than woman except blood sugar. Food habit of woman were better than it of man. The levels of education and income did not affect to food habit score. The most problem of habits were intake of salty food and lack of exercise. The intake of nutrients were higher as food habit score was higher. Intakes of energy, Ca, vitamin A and vitamin $B^1$ were lower than RDA's of nutrients in bad food habit group. This result did not show that blood components level and health condition were significantly different by food habits. But Broca Index and triglyceride levels were higher in bad food habit group than other groups, but not statistically significant. By this result, it is more needed food habit education to man and young people. The education of food habits will include the real methods of weight control, low intake of salt and exercise to bad food habit group.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare the consciousness health status and food habit for farmers in Korea. Eight hundred persons were surveyed by rural leader of RDA, composed with 35.1% of male and 64.9% of female. Data collection includes height weight and blood pressure by measuring method and personal & family situation by interview for influential factor of health status and food habit. The questionnaire was included dietary habit of salt, sugar, dietary fiber and fat intake and other behavior questions related with diet. The subjects were composed 32.5% of elementary school graduated and 50% of middle size farming. Of the all subjects, 54% of were rice planted farming mainly and 19 were over 65 year-aged group. In the concept of disease prevalence. gender difference was exist, liver and heart complains were more frequency in male and waist pain and urinary complain in female, shoulder pain and nervousness were frequently prevalent to all group of farmers. The hypertension prevalence of farmers were 16% by measuring blood pressure, but consciousness of hypertension was very low (5%). The correlation of health status with personal factors were analysed, body weight, number of family, education level, and working level were significant with CMI score and Farmers' syndrome score. The food habit status was negatively correlated with weight and BMI, age was negatively correlated with CMI score and farmers' syndrome. The consciousness of health status and food habit score were significantly correlated with smoking and alcohol drinking. It concludes that good food habit contribute wellness of health. Nutrition education for better food habit would be helpful on health status.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2000

Food service management without nutrition education in school foodservice is hardly to improve nutritional status of school children. Therefore, this study was attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education. The nutrition education was done for 82 5th grade children of 2 elementary school in Inchon. It has been performed for two month from Sep. 6 to Nov. 11, 1999. Also, to evaluate the effects of nutrition education, subjects were taken pretest for food habit, attitude, nutrition knowledge, and dietary intake through the questionnaires. The statistical analysis of data was completed using SPSS program. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The average height and weight for subjects are 141cm and 34.4kg. Most of the subjects had 2 siblings. 83.8% of the subjects has never been taken nutrition education. Otherwise, 85.2% of the subjects responded that they need a nutrition education. 2) For the food habit test results, the posttest mean scores increased. Food habit on vegetables showed significant difference between pretest and posttest(p<0.05). 3) The attitude test did not show the significant difference between pretest and posttest. 4) For the nutrition knowledge test result, the pre and posttest means were 47.59 and 57.12 respectively(p<0.001). 5) The correlations of food habit, attitude, and nutrition knowledge was positive relationship between food habit and attitude in the pre and posttest. 6) Intake frequency of foods increased for the most foods except meat, egg, milk, and drink as compaired pretest with posttest. Cereal, fish, and oil intake was significantly increased. 7) The intakes of most nutrients were increased, among which carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, and vitamin C intakes significantly different after education. The education period of this study was too short to improve their eating behavior and food choice and may need a long-term education and development of materials for nutrition education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.295-312
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• 2004

This study is to investigate the trend of researches on food and culture from 1990 to 2003. With a literary approach, this paper analyzes how many papers were published and what was the major research subject. We classified the journals published during this time into 10 different categories and we are to grasp a research trend. 1) Historical approach on the traditional food and food habit; 2) Globalization of Koran food; 3) Use and preparation for traditional food; 4) Table setting and table manner; 5) Provincial cuisine; 6) Traditional festive food or celebratory meal; 7) Religious food; 8) Fusion food; 9) Food and culture in foreign countries and food habit of Korean people living abroad; 10) Studies related with satins out. It was revealed that 268 papers(=ps) were published. Eating out was the most frequently reported subject(100 ps), followed by provincial cuisine(54 ps), use and preparation for traditional food(49 ps), food habit for foreign people and Korean people living abroad(22 ps). Researches on these 4 topics have been accelerated since the late half of 1990s. This reflects the social factors such as rapid growth of food service industry, settlement of local autonomy, popularization of leisure activities and accelerated introduction of foreign food and culture. Half of the studies on the eating out dealt with eating out behavior. And 30 papers were reports on the food service industry situations. More than half of the studies on the provincial cuisine(26 ps) were concentrated on digging out recipes. Studies on the use and preparation for traditional food were mainly about what kind of food and how often the food is used(17 ps). Kimchi was the most frequently studied food. There were 11 papers regarding food and culture in foreign countries. Most of the authors were historians or linguists. Food habit of Korean people living abroad were investigated in 7 papers. There was few studies on fusion food, table setting and table manner. This doesn't meet with increasing demand for specialized information in then fields. Researches on the traditional festive food or celebratory meal(5 ps) and religious food(9 ps) were negligible. Papers on the historical approach to the traditional food and food habit were limited(12 ps). Moreover, most of them were patchwork of existing literatures. Continuous researches to exploit the historical facts based on literary proof should be tried with patience. Otherwise, the papers will copy the hackneyed knowledge repeatedly. Globalization of Korean food means the development of Korean food for foreign people and export of them worldwide. Only 16 papers were reported on this subject, 14 of them were published after 2000, 8 of them were surveys on the foreigners' food preference. In order to get practical informations on what we develope and how we sell for the foreign customers, profound research on their food habit should be done.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.711-721
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• 2013

This survey was conducted to compare food habit and food service satisfaction of high school students in urban and rural areas. The questionnaires were collected from 130 students in Daejeon and 140 in Geumsan. 19.8% of students skipped breakfast because of no time(48.7%), just habit(28.2%), no appetite(20.5%), for weight control(2.6%). The dietary behavior of rural students was better than city in taking snacks and light meal(p<0.05). For health they concerned highly about nutrition label expiration date of processed foods(72.3%) and least in considering nutrition than taste & price(37.9%). The satisfaction of food served was highest in nutrition(3.31), and taste(3.28), smell (3.23), color(3.03), temperature(3.02). The food service satisfaction of rural students was higher than city in proper temperature(p<0.001), nutrition(p<0.01), color(p<0.001). The satisfaction of rural students was higher than city in quantity of bap & side dishes, quality of food materials(p<0.001). The satisfaction of rural students was higher than city in convenience of dining hall, rapidity of food distribution, offer of nutrition information, sanitation of utensils & meals(p<0.001). It is suggested that school dietitian in city should be more concerned about sanitary food service based on students' dietary life & preference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.172-185
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the information concerning dietary patterns and analysis of the various factors that influence obesity. The subjects of this study were 1,020 middle and high school students in Seoul. Subjects were classified into under weight, normal weight and over weight group by body mass index. We investigated eating habits, life habits, food behavior and food consumption. Data were collected by questionnair and analysed with the SAS program. The results of this study way are summarized and concluded as fellows; In the case of dietary pattern, over weight group showed significantly higher in skipping a meal than the other group. Also over weight group tend to eat fast. There were significant differences of food intake frequency score by body mass index. From the results of factor analysis of variable related to obesity, 4 factors were generated and the factors were named 'Food behavior related to obesity', 'Snack consumption pattern', 'Life habit', 'Family environment related to food habit'. These factors were associated with obesity. To maintain nutritional balance and health, we should implement to ensure good dietary patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.227-233
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• 1995

This nutritional survey was conducted from February 8 to March 10, 1994, in order to investigate the nutritional knowledge, food habits, nutritional attitude, food preferences and nutrient intakes of urban middle-aged women living in Daegu and Pohang district. The subjects of this survey were 164 urban middle-aged women living in Daegu and Pohang Area. The completely answered questionnaires were analyzed for nutritional knowledge, food habits, nutritional attitude, food preference and nutrient intakes of urban middle-aged women. The results obtained are summarized as follows: The subjects had a high level of perceived knowledge (82.9%), that is the knowledge that each subject believed she had, but the accuracy of the knowledge was only 66.1%. The average nutrition knowledge score was 8.26 out of possible 15 points, and food habit score was 5.50 out of 10 points. Most of the subjects belonged to 'Fair' or 'Good' food habit group, which is considered to be relatively good. With increasing age, the percentage of perceived knowledge, accuracy, and nutrition knowledge score were getting lower. But food habit score and nutritional attitude score were getting higher at 40's women than 30's women. The correlation between nutritional knowledge score and food habit score was low (r=0.0748). The correlation between nutritional attitude score and food habit score was low, too (r=-0.0653). Food preferences for kimchi, potato, cooked rice, beef, noodle, cabbage and milk were high. Average calorie and protein intake of the subjects were $1967.4{\pm}27.8\;Kcal$, $75.8{\pm}1.4\;g$ respectively. Carbohydrate, protein and fat ratio on energy composition was 63.3%:15.5%:21.2%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.793-800
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the food habits and nutrient intake of preschool children by investigating their food and snack consumption. To accomplish this, a food habit questionnaire and dietary intake survey was administered to 148 children between 2 and 6 years of age (average 4.8 years). According to the Kaup index, the underweight, normal, overweight and obesity levels of the subjects were 4.7, 60.1, 26.4, and 8.8%, respectively. In addition, the total energy intake met the EAR ($1433.94{\pm}369.70kcal$), whereas the protein, iron, phosphorus, vitamin B and vitamin C levels exceeded the EAR and the RI. Furthermore, the nutrient intake profile revealed that the mean caloric value of breakfasts consumed by preschool children in Daegu (403 kcal) was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that of preschool children in the Gyeongbuk area (271 kcal). Additionally, preschool children in Daegu ($382.96{\pm}255.79kcal$) usually consumed significantly (p<0.01) less food than those in the Gyeongbuk area ($413.82{\pm}275.43kcal$). The preferred snacks among subjects (in descending order) were milk, bread, fruit, potato or sweet potato and cookies. The mean score of the Food Habit was $3.72{\pm}0.35$ out of 5, although the score of preschool children in Daegu ($3.77{\pm}0.32$) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of children in the Gyeongbuk area ($3.65{\pm}0.32$). Taken together, these results indicate that there were significant differences in the Food Habit and nutrient intake level of children in Daegu and the Gyeongbuk area. Therefore, parents and caregivers should be aware of the importance of the nutritional status of preschool children and choose healthy snacks for them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2007

The object of this study is to evaluate the Korean traditional food culture education program which was developed in the prior study. In order to evaluate the effect of the program on the students’ knowledge of traditional food culture and their food habit, the program was practiced for 82 students in 4 elementary schools located in Seoul and Kyungki province during 16 weeks from Mar 1, 2005 to July 23, 2005. The pretest and the post-test were performed using an evaluation tool which is composed of evaluation sections for the perception and knowledge of the Korean traditional food culture, Korean children’s food habit and food preference for the Korean traditional food and fast food. The validity of evaluation was proved through the control group in the pretest and the post-test. Descriptive analysis and paired t-test were performed using SPSS/WIN 12.0 Statistic Package in order to compare the results of the pretest with those of the post-test after the education. The perception of the students who took the class for the Korean traditional food was slightly improved (p<0.05) and their knowledge was also increased (p<0.001) after the education while no difference was found in the control group. Moreover, the subjects’ food habit (p<0.001) and their preference of the Korean traditional food (p<.05) were increased respectively but their preference of the Western fast food was decreased(p<.01). These results indicate that the education program evaluated in this study has the effect of altering the subjects’ food habit or food preference as well as of introducing the knowledge of the Korean traditional food culture.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.560-569
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the annual differences in food habits and dietary attitudes of new female college students enrolled in the department of food and nutrition for 6 years by questionnaire. The results were as follows: age, height, weight and body mass index(BMI) were no significant annual differences over study period. The average ratios of underweight, normal weight and above overweight groups classified by the BMI standard were 19.4%, 64.4% and 16.2%, respectively. There were no significant annual differences in the scores of food habits and dietary attitudes. The intake of milk showed the lowest scores among all the food habit items and the same annual tendencies for 6 years. Among food groups items, the mean intake scores of milk(p<0.01), fats and oils(p<0.001) and vegetables(p<0.05) differed significantly by year. Specifically, the intake scores of milk and vegetables decreased gradually throughout the study period and were significantly lower in 2008 than in 2003. Among dietary habits, the mean intake scores of sweets were significantly lower in 2003 and 2007 than in other years(p<0.001), and the mean intake scores of instant frozen foods were significantly higher in 2006 than during other years(p<0.05). The sum of health related items in 2007 was significantly lower than those during other years, and this was likely due to the lowest scores both of eating-out and alcohol intake in 2007 than in other years. Among dietary attitudes, the mean score of item 'Price of food is more important than nutrition.' was significantly lower in 2005(p<0.05). Food habit scores showed significantly positive correlation with dietary habits(r=0.733, p<0.01), food groups related habits(r=0.720, p<0.01), lifestyle related disease related habits(r=0.518, p<0.01), health related habits(r=0.422, p<0.01). Food habits and dietary attitudes showed highly significantly positive linear correlations each other(r=0.426, p<0.01). Dietary habits and food groups related habits showed highly significantly positive linear correlations(r=0.366, p<0.01). These results showed the same annual tendency with respect to food habit and dietary attitudes in newly enrolled college female students for 6 years. It is expected that food habit and dietary attitudes will be improved if systemic and proficient nutrition education is provided during their college period.