• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary and lifestyle factors related to bowel pattern of female high school and college students in Gyeonggi Province. The total of 202 self-administered questionnaires (high school students 77 ; college students 125) were analyzed. All respondents were devided into four groups based on their self-reported pattern of defecation: 18 subjects ($9.0\%$) comprised the normal group, 73 ($36.1\%$) the constipation group, 73 ($36.1\%$) the constipation/diarrhea group, and 38 ($18.8\%$) the diarrhea group. Regularity of exercise was significantly higher in the college students than high school students, and times spending on a chair were longer in the high school students than college students. Most students ($72.7\%$) reported that they had stress. Fourty point six percent of the subjects reported that they had 3 meals per day, which tended to be higher in the normal and diarrhea group than constipation and constipation/ diarrhea group. Most students (69.7) skipped breakfast which was lower in the normal group than the other groups. The most preferred dietary fiber food was korean cabbage kimchi. Fifty-eight point four percent of the subjects reported that they had irregular bowel movement. Bowel movement was more irregular in the high school students than college students, and in the constipation group than the other groups. Of the subjects, $77.7\%$ had defecation frequency between three per week and three per day. Those who spent within 10 minutes for defecation were $79.6\%$, and those had difficulty in evacuating were $76.0\%$. High school students and those with constipation and constipation/diarrhea had a significantly lower defecation frequency, longer time spent at the toilet, and greater difficulty in evacuating than college students and normal and diarrhea group. The percentage of those who had feelings of residue in the intestine after defecation was $92.5\%$, and it was greater in the constipation or diarrhea group than in the normal group. Most students ($93.5\%$) reported that they had abdominal pain or discomfort. These results suggest that decreasing times spending on a chair, decreasing stress, keeping 3 meal per day at regular hours, and increasing dietary fiber intake are associated with desirable bowel pattern.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.798-814
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to compare menu patterns by sex and age (3-6, 7-12, 13-19, 20-29, 30-49, 50-64, 65 over years old) between the 1998 and 2001 National Health and Nutrition Surveys of Korea. Frequently consumed menu patterns were investigated using the 24-hour recall data for 19,809 subjects (1998:10,102; 2001:9,707). To analyze patterns, dishes were classified into 29 categories by cooking method (KHIDI 2003). The results are as follows: the most frequent menu patterns were "rice+soup+kimchi" and "rice+stew+kimchi" in both men and women in both 1998 and 2001. Intake frequency of these menu patterns, a traditional Korean menu pattern, was higher with increased age. Intake frequency of "noodles" and "bread" increased in 2001 in both men and women, compared to 1998. And these patterns increased in the younger age groups, especially women in their twenties. Menu patterns of 2001 showed greater variety than those of 1998. Overall, the men's menu patterns showed more side dishes than those of women; intake frequencies of "seasoned vegetables", "stir-fried foods", and "grilled foods" were higher in men than in women. In short, so far the main menu pattern has been "rice-style" in both men and women, and in all age groups in Korea, whereas the Western menu pattern is increasing in younger age groups. The diet of 2001 showed more side dishes than that of the 1998 menu pattern; however, certain groups such as female and males in adolescents and young adults were still a simple menu pattern. Consequently, to make recommended menu patterns and nutrition education programs for Koreans should take into consideration sex and age.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.540-548
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• 1997

According to the data published in 1990s on the intake of dietary fiber(DF) of Korean, DF intake of Korean has been gradually decreasing in the last two decades. Mean daily intake of DF in 1990s is estimated to be in the rage of 17-20g per capita and over seventy five percent of the subjects examined appeared to consume DF less than 20g per day. The major food sources of Df in Korean diet include cereals, vegetables, fruits, seaweeds and seasonings. The present level of DF intake of Korean is lower than the tentatively recommended minimum intake of DF. It is predicted that, if the present trend of change on food consumption pattern is maintained, the gradual increases in the incidence of chronic degenerative diseases will be continuing. Therefore, the beneficial effects of DF on health care and disease control should be emphasized through the nutritional education and high level consumption of DF needs to be strongly recommended in the dietary guideline. In order to raise the daily consumption of DF, more whole grain cereals need to be used as a part of staple and more frequent intake of legumes and seaweeds is required as well as the development of high-fiber diet recipes and natural high-fiber products.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.219-231
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to collect basic data on the prevention of and education about diabetes mellitus for the nutritional management of a diabetes mellitus risk group. The study which took place in Kangbukgu, Seoul, involved a diabetes mellitus risk group (DMR $\geq$ 110 mg/dL, 61), of males and females, aged 36 to 68 years, and a group of healthy people as a control group ( < 110 mg/dL, 183), using luting blood sugar (FBS) levels. The proportion of people in the abnormal range was higher in the DMR than that of control group for total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C), total protein, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and creatinine. Particularly with respect to serum protein the proportion in the DMR in abnormal range (p < 0.05) was significantly higher than that of the control group. The proportion in the DMR with a family history of disease was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.01). Using body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and relative body weight (RBW), the obesity indices in the DMR was higher than that of the control group. Comparing the DMR and the control group with respect to dietary habits, it seems that the DMR had more undesirable dietary habits than the control group. When the intake of each nutrient for the DMR and the control group was compared to the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDA), the proportion of excess intake and deficient intake in the DMR was higher than that of the control group. The DMR showed a greater undesirable dietary intake pattern as compared to that of the control group, based on the RDA. With respect to the dietary diversity score (DDS) and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) for quality estimation of the overall flood intake, the DMR showed a feater undesirable pattern than the control group. According to the above results, the DMR tended to have more undesirable eating habits when compared to the control group. Therefore, to provide a more efficient nutritional education program for the DMR we must conduct lurker studies on eating habits, so as to provide systematic nutritional management based on theme differences between the DMR and the control group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.78-88
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary fat and individual fatty acids intake pattern of 174 college women living in Seoul and Gyong-gi province through internet nutritional assessment system. Each of the subjects was required to input their own food intake for three days, which included two days during the week and one day of the weekend, on the web program directly and all of the data collected were used for statistical analysis. The mean daily caloric intake of the subjects was 1,500.9 kcal which was at 71.5% of Estimated Energy Requirement (EER). Dietary fat contributed 27.6% of the total caloric intake which was slightly higher than the recommended limit of 25%. Daily cholesterol intake was 310.0 mg, which was also high to some degree. Mean daily N6 and N3 fatty acid intake was 6.1 g and 0.9 g, respectively, and calory % calculated from each were 3.63% and 0.53%. This result showed the intake of N3 fatty acid fell in Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMR) $0.5\sim1.0%$ but that of N6 fatty acid was somewhat lower than the AMDR $4\sim8%$. N6/N3 ratio 8.5/l, however, was within the desirable range $4\sim10/1$. Considering overall dietary fatty acids intake, oleic acid was the most abundant, followed by linoleic and palmitic acid. And among polyunsaturated fatty acids intake, linoleic acid was exclusively high, accounting for 97.4% of total N6 fatty acid intake. On the contrary, three fatty acids, linolenic (67.3%), DHA (21.1%) and EPA (10.0%), together supplied 98.4% of total N3 fatty acid intake. Mean P/M/S was 0.9/l.1/1.0. The subjects' intake of fat, many fatty acids and cholesterol came from diverse food groups including meats, fats and oils, milk and milk products, eggs, fish, and soybean products. Nevertheless, the subjects tended to show unfavorable fat and fatty acids intake pattern in terms of quantity and quality. Based on these results, it is important to monitor dietary fat intake pattern of the general population continuously and an internet program such as the one used for this study would be valuable, especially for assessing dietary patterns in the younger generation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.378-386
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• 2017

This study aimed to estimate daily intake of anthocyanins and to identify major sources of anthocyanins in current Korean dietary patterns in order to implement dietary recommendations for the improvement of Korean health. Sixteen foods were selected based on the availability of food intake and reliable anthocyanin content. Food intake data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014 and anthocyanin content data from earlier investigations were used to calculate the consumption of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin contents of 16 foods varied significantly and exhibited a range of 0~4,009 mg/100 g of fresh weight. Daily intake of anthocyanins was estimated to be 3.3 mg to 95.5 mg in Koreans. Of the 16 foods studied, the source contributing most to anthocyanin intake in the Korean population was plums (35.1%), followed by black beans (17.1%) and grapes (15.2%). These results indicate that major foods contributing to anthocyanin consumption in the Korean dietary pattern are fruits and grains.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.831-845
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• 2009

Hypertension and obesity are important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in Korea. Therefore, we assessed the association between dietary pattern and obesity in hypertensive patients to formulate health promotion strategies for the older population. Dietary information was collected from hypertensive patients visiting community health education and information center by using 24 hour recall method. The 2005 DRIs for Koreans was used to evaluate the dietary adequacy. When subjects were categorized by body mass index (BMI) as normal, overweight and obese, no significant difference in energy intake was found among groups. Dietary intakes of folate, and vitamin C in obese hypertensive patients were significantly lower than in normal weight patients (p < 0.05). When we compare the nutritional status by waist circumferences, dietary intakes of zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin C and folate were significantly lower in the obese group. Vegetable intake was significantly lower in the obese group according to BMI as well as waist circumference. Energy intake from carbohydrate was significantly higher in obese hypertensive patients (p < 0.05). Obese hypertensive patients had a higher risk of nutritional inadequacy compared to normal weight patients. Our results indicated the need for developing interventions that encourage greater consumption of vegetables while cutting down salt intake with wise selection of staple foods, for obese hypertensive patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.172-185
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the information concerning dietary patterns and analysis of the various factors that influence obesity. The subjects of this study were 1,020 middle and high school students in Seoul. Subjects were classified into under weight, normal weight and over weight group by body mass index. We investigated eating habits, life habits, food behavior and food consumption. Data were collected by questionnair and analysed with the SAS program. The results of this study way are summarized and concluded as fellows; In the case of dietary pattern, over weight group showed significantly higher in skipping a meal than the other group. Also over weight group tend to eat fast. There were significant differences of food intake frequency score by body mass index. From the results of factor analysis of variable related to obesity, 4 factors were generated and the factors were named 'Food behavior related to obesity', 'Snack consumption pattern', 'Life habit', 'Family environment related to food habit'. These factors were associated with obesity. To maintain nutritional balance and health, we should implement to ensure good dietary patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 1991

Nutritional factors affecting the urinary excretion of acid-soluble peptides(ASP) in rats were studied using protein-free diet, gluten diet, casein diet, and gluten supplemented with lysine and threonine(GLT) diet. The content of urinary ASP was lowest in protein-free diet group among the four kinds of diets above. But the amino acid pattern of urinary ASP in the four dietary groups were similar each other, suggesting that urinary ASP is mainly from endogenous origin under these nutritional conditions. The efficiency of dietary protein utilization was significantly lower in gluten diet than that of casein diet or GLT diet. Those findings suggest that the rate of urinary excretion of ASP-form amino acids can be employed as an index of protein metabolism, particularly as a simple index in the assessing the status of protein nutrition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.733-742
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• 1997

A computerized dietary prescription and nutritional counseling system for patients having hyperlipidemia has been developed using a personal computer. This system is composed of three programs. The first program is designed to investigate dietary history of patient, such as a dietary habit and a preference of food, to find out his incorrect dietary behavior and to give him some suggestions to correct dietary behavior. The second one is developed to analyze the energy and nutrients intake using 24-hour dietary recall method and also evaluate the status of dietary intake, especially the status of dietary fat. With these data, patient can replan pattern of his food intake including in-between-meal snack as well as regular meals. The third one is the diet and menu Planning program made using food exchange table. It provides the patient with a meal pattern suitable in his weight, activity and the other status of the body. Practicing these programs, patient with hyperlipidemia can help himself very conveniently in organizing his meal plan and in improving his dietary behavior.