• 한국작물학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.266-271
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• 2001

Soybean can produce high-N residue due to N-fixation, so soybean rotation may increase yield of subsequent corn and reduce N fertilizer on the corn fairly. To find out the contribution of nitrogen to subsequent corn following soybean cultivation, soil nitrate, corn yield, and nitrogen uptake were measured for three continuous corn cropping years after soybean rotation. Three N rates of 0, 80, and 160 kg/ha were applied to three continuous corn following soybean cropping. At 6-leaf stage, soil nitrate amount at the soil depth of 0-30cm ranged from 60 to 80 kgN/ha higher in the first corn cropping year than that in the second and third corn cropping years. Judging from corn N status such as SPAD value, N concentration of ear-leaf and stover at silking stage, N contribution of previous soybean to corn in the first corn year was N fertilizer of approximately 80 kg N/ha. Stover N uptake at silking stage increased from 47 to 52 kg N/ha at the 0, and 80 kg N/ha of N rates in the first corn cropping year compared with those in the second and third corn cropping years. Corn grain yield at the 0 kg N/ha of N rate was 6-7 ton/ha higher in the first corn cropping year than that in the second and third corn cropping years, respectively. When compared the first corn year following soybean cropping with the second and third corn cropping years, N uptake of grain and stover at harvest with low N rates such as 0 and 80 kg N/ha increased from 45 to 67kg N/ha, from 35 to 60 kg N/ha, respectively. N uptake of whole plant by soybean rotation increased from 93 to 118 kg N/ha in the first year compared with that in the second and third corn cropping years. However, the N contribution by soybean cropping was small in the second and third continuous corn cropping years. Therefore, it was concluded that the nitrogen fertilizer of 80-100 kg N/ha in the first corn cropping year could be saved by soybean rotation and annual alternative corn-soybean rotation could be the best rotation system.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1993년도 Proceedings of International Conference for Agricultural Machinery and Process Engineering
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• pp.906-911
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• 1993

There will be about 0.25 to 0.3billion tons of grain product including rice, wheat and corn etc. each year in China. An energy analysis on grain drying system on which electricity , oil , coal or sun power and batch, tower with thick or thin layer of grain, infra red radiation. fluidized flowing types grain drying systems were made and compared for the sake of energy saving is shown in this paper.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.33-33
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• 2016

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. They can be present in where agricultural-based commodities are contaminated with toxigenic fungi. These mycotoxins cause various toxicoses in human and livestock when consumed. Small grains including corn, barley, rice or wheat are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins due to infection mainly by toxigenic Fusarium species and/or under environment favorable to fungal growth. One of the most well-known Fusarium toxin groups in cereals is trichothecenes consisting of many toxic compounds. Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin, and various derivatives belong to this group. Zearalenone and fumonisin (FB) are also frequently produced by many species of the same genus. In order to monitor Korean cereals for contamination with Fusarium and other mycotoxigenic fungal species as well, barley, corn, maize, rice grains, and soybean were collected from fields at harvest or during storage for several years. The fungal colonies outgrown from the grain samples were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Trichothecene chemotypes of Fusarium species or presence of FB biosynthetic gene were determined using respective diagnostic PCR to predict possible toxin production. Heavy grain contamination with fungi was detected in barley, rice and wheat. Predominant fungal genus of barley and wheat was Alternaria (up to 90%) while that of rice was Fusarium (~40%). Epicoccum also appeared frequently in barley, rice and wheat. While frequency of Fusarium species in barley and wheat was less than 20%, the genus mainly consisted of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) which known to be head blight pathogen and mycotoxin producer. Fusarium composition of rice was more diverse as FGSC, Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), and Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) appeared all at considerable frequencies. Prevalent fungal species of corn was FFSC (~50%), followed by FGSC (<30%). Most of FFSC isolates of corn tested appeared to be FB producer. In corn, Fusarium graminearum and DON chemotype dominate within FGSC, which was different from other cereals. Soybeans were contaminated with fungi less than other crops and Cercospora, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium etc. were detected at low frequencies (up to 14%). Other toxigenic species such as Aspergillus and Penicillium were irregularly detected at very low frequencies. Multi-year survey of small grains revealed dominant fungal species of Korea (barley, rice and wheat) is Fusarium asiaticum having NIV chemotype.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.353-358
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• 1994

초형이 다른 옥수수의 재식밀도에 대한 반응차이를 구명하고자 직립형 초형과 수평형 초형 교잡종을 재식밀도를 달리하여 재배하고 종실수량 및 주요형질을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시된 4교잡종 모두 고밀식(10,000주 /10a)하에서 종실수량이 감소하였으나 직립형 교잡종보다 수평형 교잡종인 Ga209${\times}$Ki14A에서 감소의 폭이 더커서 초형간에 차이가 있었다. 2. 재식밀도 증가에 따라 초장은 짧아지고 착수고는 높아졌으나 초형간의 차이는 유의성이 없었다. 3. 수장, 열수, 및 열당입수는 재식밀도 증가에 따라 감소하였고 초형간에는 차이가 없었다. 4. 잎의 각도는 재식밀도에 따라 차이가 없었으며 종실수량, 수장, 열수 및 열당입수와 부의 상관을 보였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.638-647
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• 2020

This study determined the substitution effects of rice for corn as the main grain source in a total mixed ration (TMR). In vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and microbes were assessed using two experimental diets. Diets included 33% dry matter (DM) of either corn (Corn TMR) or rice grains (Rice TMR). In a 48-h in vitro incubation, DM digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber degradability (IVNDFD), crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) were estimated. Gas production has been calculated at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Our results indicate that the gas production, VFAs, IVDMD, and IVNDFD of Rice TMR were higher than those of Corn TMR (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH and total fungi were significantly higher in Corn TMR (p < 0.05) than in Rice TMR; however, NH₃-N and IVCPD were not affected by treatment type. In conclusion, substituting rice for corn at 33% DM in TMR appears to have no negative effects on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Therefore, rice grains are an appropriate alternative energy source in early fattening stage diets of beef cattle.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.626-631
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• 1997

옥수수의 숙기가 서로다른 8개의 자식계통과 이들간의 이면교배에 의하여 생산된 28개 $F_1$을 공시하여 등숙기간의 유전분석을 실시하였던 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 초기등숙기간에서는 상가적 효과가 큰 부분우성으로 추정되었으며 유효등숙기간은 비대립 유전자의 상호작용이 없는 초우성으로 추정되었다. 2. 총등숙기간과 흑색층 출현일수는 상가적 효과가 비상가적 효과보다 큰 부분우성으로 추정되었다. 3. 유전자 분포상태는 유효등숙기간과 총등숙기간에서 양친들 중 FR25는 열성유전자의 관여도가 크게 나타났으며 YUBC208은 열성유전자로서의 관여도가 크게 작용하였다. 4. 유효등숙기간과 총등숙기간에 관여하는 유효 유전자수는 최소한 5개 정도가 있는 것으로 추정되었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.741-748
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of total mixed rations (TMR) containing rice grain in an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Three types of grains (corn, wheat, and rice), timothy, and soybean meal (SBM) were used to prepare the experimental TMR: Corn TMR, Wheat TMR, and Rice TMR. The rumen fermentation characteristics of all the experimental TMRs were evaluated by an in vitro anaerobic system using rumen fluid for 24 and 48 h. The digestibility of the nutrients (dry matter [DM], crude protein [CP], and neutral detergent fiber [NDF]), pH, ammonia ($NH_3-N$), and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. Rice TMR showed a higher DM digestibility than that of the Corn TMR at 48 h (p < 0.05). In all treatments, the CP digestibility was more than 80% at 48 h, but no significant differences were observed among the treatments. The NDF digestibility tended to be the lowest in the Wheat TMR (p = 0.06), and the pH tended to be the lowest in the Rice TMR (p = 0.09) among the treatments for the 48 h incubation. The Wheat TMR had the highest $NH_3-N$ concentration among the treatments (p < 0.01). Rice TMR had a lowest total VFA concentration among the treatments (p = 0.05) at 24 h, but no significant differences were observed at 48 h. Based on this in vitro result, it was considered that a rice grain has the potential to replace conventional grain ingredients when the TMR was formulated.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.240-246
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• 2014

유기 축산을 위한 여름철 사료작물인 수수 수단그라스교잡종은 생산성이 높고, 잡초발생이 미미하며, 병충해에 의한 피해도 작아서 무농약 재배에 적합하다. 그러나 수수 수단그라스 교잡종은 당 함량이 부족하고, 수분 함량이 높아서 낙산발효로 인해 사일리지 품질에 문제가 있다. 최근 육성된 BMR (Brown Mid Rib) 품종은 줄기 내 당도가 높게 개발되었다. 따라서 본 시험은 기존의 수수 수단교잡종과 BMR 수수 수단교잡종을 재배하여 사일리지로 제조하고, 수분 조절 및 영양소 보충을 위해 파옥쇄를 첨가하여 사일리지의 품질변화를 관찰하였다. 수수 수단교잡종과 BMR 수수 수단교잡종 사이에 생육특성 및 생산성은 차이가 없었으나 줄기내 당 함량은 BMR 품종이 약 $2B^{\circ}$ 정도 높은 경향을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 유기산 중 lactic acid의 비율은 대조구(SX17품종)의 78.5%에 비해 BMR 품종은 82.8%로 유의적으로(p<0.05)에 높았고, butyric acid의 비율은 대조구(SX17품종)의 18.5%에 비해 BMR 품종은 9.8%로 유의적으로(p<0.05)에 낮아서 BMR 품종을 사용할 경우 품질이 크게 개선되었다. 파옥쇄 첨가시 첨가수준간에는 NDF 및 ADF 함량은 대조구(SX17) 품종과 BMR 품종(Diamond BMR) 모두 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). TDN 함량 역시 대조구(SX17) 품종의 56.2와 BMR 품종(Diamond BMR)의 57.1간에는 유의적 차이가 없었다. 그러나 파옥쇄 첨가시에는 대조구(SX17) 품종과 BMR 품종(Diamond BMR) 모두에서 파옥쇄의 첨가수준에 따라 TDN 함량이 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05).

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.357-368
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• 1987

옥수수와 대두의 단작 및 교호재배시 각 작물 상호간의 교호비율에 따른 이들 작물의 초형구조와 건물 및 수량생산의 변화를 검토하고자 옥수수 단작, 옥수수와 대두의 교호비율이 각각 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 :3인 이랑 교호작, 그리고 대두단작의 5가지 재배 양식으로 시험을 진행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 옥수수는 대두의 비율이 증가함에 따라 간장이 짧아지고 착수고가 낮아졌으며 줄기의 굵기는 굵어졌다. 대두는 옥수수의 비율이 증가함에 따라 경장이 길어지고 줄기가 가늘어졌으며 생장후기 도복의 정도가 심해 졌다. 2. 엽면적지수는 교호작에 의해 2∼8% 증가되었으며 지상부 건물중도 다소 늘어났다. 엽면적과 건물중의 수직분포는 교호재배시 중하부의 분포비율이 높아져 보다 고르게 분포되었다. 3. 대두의 비율이 높아질수록 엽중의 분포비율이 높아지고 엽이외 부분의 비율이 낮아졌다. T/R ratio는 단작보다 교호작에서, 교호작간에는 대두의 비율이 높아질수록 감소되어 식물체중에 근이 차지하는 비중이 높아졌다. 4. 식물체내 전질소량은 단작에 비하여 교호작에서 교호비율 및 시기에 따라 4∼22% 증가되었다. 그러나 부위별 함량은 뚜렷한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 5. 타 작물과의 교호비율이 높아짐에 따라 옥수수의 수량구성요소는 증가되었으나 대두의 수량구성요소는 감소되었다. 6. Land equivalent ratio(LER)은 교호재배시 0.96∼1.01로 단작 1.00과 차이 없었으나 예상수량에 대한 실제 수량의 비로 평가할 때, 총질소수량은 1.10∼1.25, 총건물수량은 1.07∼1.12, 그리고 총종실수량은 1. 17∼1.20으로 교호재배에 의해 수량생산성이 높아졌으며 옥수수와 대두의 1 : 1 교호작이 비교적 유망하였다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.106-115
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine the quality characteristics of byeolmijang prepared several roasted whole grain powders (oat, brown rice, black soybean, corn) for eight weeks. As the fermentation progressed, the pH decreased from 6.10~6.12 to 4.48~4.92 and the total acidity increased dramatically from 0.41~0.48% to 1.67~2.24%. There were no differences in the moisture content. The content of reducing sugar decreased, in particular, brown rice sample(C) decreased significantly than the other samples during fermentation. In color, L and b-value decreased all samples, whereas a-value showed a tendency to slightly increase. The total cell counts and lactic acid bacteria revealed an increasing tendency during fermentation. In case of the amino-type nitrogen contents, it increased significantly during the fermentation period, especially control sample (A) showed the highest content significantly. The total polyphenol of all samples increased in the fermentation period. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities also increased, especially corn sample (E) had the highest levels. In by electronic tongue analysis, corn sample (E) revealed higher umami and sourness than the control. So, by adding roasted corn powder, it can enhance function and taste of byeolmijang.